Table 1.

Sample characteristics.

Variable	Statistics
Sociodemographics
Age, M(SD)	14.1 (0.4)
Gender, %
Female	54.8%
Male	45.2%
Race/Ethnicity, %
American Indian or Alaskan Native	0.8%
Asian	16.8%
Black or African American	4.7%
Hispanic or Latino	45.7%
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander	3.6%
White	16.7%
Multiracial	5.9%
Other	5.8%
Highest parental education, %
8th grade or less	4.0%
Some high school	9.0%
High school graduate	16.2%
Some college	19.4%
College graduate	32.4%
Advanced degree	19.0%
Living situation, %
Both parents	65.3%
Other	34.7%
Alternative reinforcersa at Wave 1 / Wave 2, M(SD)
Product	73.4 (27.7) / 69.0 (31.0)b
Frequency	46.9 (14.4) / 45.6 (15.6)b
Pleasure	56.3 (15.8) / 53.9 (18.3)b
Past six-month use at Wave 1 / Wave 2 / Wave 3, %
Alcohol	14.5% / 22.2%b / 23.3%
Marijuana	8.1% / 13.8%b / 15.3%
Tobacco	11.3% / 18.7%b / 16.9%c
Other drugs	5.1% / 11.8%b / 9.4%c

Note. Students from Los Angeles, CA area high schools participating in the Happiness & Health Study in 2013 and 2014 who completed survey measures across Waves 1–3 on parental education, alternative reinforcement, and past six-month any use (N = 2633). Wave 1 = Cohort in fall of 9th grade year (2013; baseline); Wave 2 = spring 9th grade (2014; 6-month follow-up); Wave 3 = fall 10th grade (2014; 12-month follow-up).

^aModified Pleasant Events Schedule.

^bSignificant difference in mean score or prevalence in comparison to respective Wave 1 mean score or prevalence (p < .05).

^cSignificant difference in prevalence from Wave 2 respective prevalence (p < .05).