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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Soc Sci Med. 2017 Jan 12;176:175–182. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.12.032

Table 2.

Association of Wave 1 parental education with Wave 3 alcohol use and mediation by Wave 2 alternative reinforcement

Total Effect Component Paths Mediation:
SES → Alt. Reinf. → Alcohol Use
SES → Alcohol Usea SES → Alt. Reinf.b Alt. Reinf. → Outcome Controlling for SESc Indirect effect Direct effect Percentage of total effect mediated
Models β (95% CI) β(95% CI) β(95% CI) β(95% CI) β(95% CI)
Mediator: Pleasant Events Schedule Product Score
Initial model −0.184 (−0.293, −0.074)** 0.061 (0.029, 0.092)† −0.219 (−0.373, −0.065)** −0.013 (−0.027, −0.003)* −0.163 (−0.277, −0.048)** 7.1%
Adjustedd −0.122 (−0.234, −0.009)* 0.057 (0.016, 0.097)** −0.226 (−0.337, −0.116)** −0.013 (−0.026, −0.003)* −0.098 (−0.211, −0.015)* 10.7%
Mediator: Pleasant Events Schedule Frequency Rating
Initial model −0.184 (−0.293, −0.074)** 0.065 (0.036, 0.094) † −0.128 (−0.257, 0.002)e −0.008 (−0.019, 0.0)f −0.170 (−0.284, −0.056)** 4.3%
Adjustedd −0.122 (−0.234, −0.009)* 0.056 (0.020, 0.092)** −0.128 (−0.230, 0.026)* −0.007 (−0.016, −0.001)* −0.109 (−0.221, −0.004)* 5.7%
Mediator: Pleasant Events Schedule Enjoyment Rating
Initial model −0.184 (−0.293, −0.074)*** 0.050 (0.030, 0.069) † −0.208 (−0.351, −0.064)** −0.010 (−0.019, −0.003)* −0.167 (−0.275, −0.059)** 5.4%
Adjustedd −0.122 (−0.234, −0.009)* 0.044 (0.020, 0.068)*** −0.222 (−0.335, −0.108)** −0.010 (−0.018, −0.004)* −0.101 (−0.214, 0.012)e 8.2%

Note. Students from Los Angeles, CA area high schools participating in the Happiness & Health Study in 2013 and 2014. SES = Socioeconomic status as indicated by highest parental education. Alt. Reinf. = Alternative Reinforcers as assessed by a Modified Pleasant Events Schedule. Alcohol Use = Consumption of a full drink of alcohol in the prior six months. β(95% CI) = Standardized parameter estimate with 95% confidence interval for regressor estimate from Generalized Estimating Equation model accounting for nesting of data within school. Each model uses the overall sample with alcohol data, N = 2476.

e

p ≤ 0.08.

f

p = 0.05.

*

p < 0.05.

**

p < 0.01.

***

p < 0.001.

a

Association of Wave 1 SES with Wave 3 alcohol use controlling for Wave 1 alcohol use.

b

Association of Wave 1 SES with alternative reinforcement at Wave 2 adjusting for Wave 1 alternative reinforcement (“a” path).

c

Association of Wave 2 alternative reinforcement with Wave 3 alcohol use controlling for Wave 1 SES and alcohol use (“b” path).

d

Models are adjusted for gender, ethnicity/race, and living situation