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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Intern Med. 2018 Jul 3;169(4):224–232. doi: 10.7326/M17-2740
Hypertensive Disorder in First Pregnancy Status
Gestational Hypertension Preeclampsia
Chronic Hypertension
Observed association 2.79 (2.61, 2.97) 2.21 (2.10, 2.32)
 E-value (point estimate) 3.45 2.85
 E-value (CI) 3.27 2.72
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Observed association 1.65 (1.42, 1.91) 1.75 (1.58, 1.93)
 E-value (point estimate) 2.69 2.90
 E-value (CI) 2.19 2.54
Hypercholesterolemia
Observed association 1.36 (1.28, 1.45) 1.31 (1.25, 1.36)
 E-value (point estimate) 1.78 1.70
 E-value (CI) 1.66 1.61

The observed associations displayed above are the fully adjusted hazard ratios presented in Table 2, shown here as a reference. E-values were calculated using the publicly available Online E-Value Calculator (available at: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/tyler-vanderweele/tools-and-tutorials/) for chronic hypertension and hypercholesterolemia based on a “hazard ratio (outcome prevalence >15%)” and for type 2 diabetes based on a “hazard ratio (outcome prevalence <15%).” E-values for 1) the point estimate and 2) the limit of the 95% confidence interval (CI) closest to the null (i.e. the lower limit for the above CIs) represent the magnitude of the association that an unmeasured confounder would have to have with both the exposure (hypertensive disorder in first pregnancy) and outcome (cardiovascular disease risk factor), above and beyond measured confounding, to 1) explain away the observed association and 2) render the observed association no longer statistically significant, respectively.