Table A.4.

Risk of Bias^* Evaluation: Human Probiotic Trials.

Reference	Selection	Performance	Detection	Attrition	Reporting
Infant/Child
(Rinne et al., 2006)	+	+	+	−	?
(Indrio et al., 2014)	+	+	+	−	?
(Cekola et al., 2015)	+	+	+	−	?
(Sung et al., 2014)	+	+	+	−	?
(Weizman and Alsheikh, 2006)	+	+	+	−	?
(Akar et al., 2017)	+	+	+	−	?
(Ringel-Kulka et al., 2015)	+	+	+	−	?
Older Adult
(Ostlund-Lagerstrom et al., 2016)	+	+	+	+	?
(Benton et al., 2007)	+	+	+	+	−
(Chung et al., 2014)	+	+	+	+	−
(Pellino et al., 2013)	+	+	+	+	−
(Akbari et al., 2016)	+	+	+	+	?
Young/Middle-Aged Adult
(Kato-Kataoka et al., 2016)	+	+	+	+	−
(Takada et al., 2016)	+	+	+	+	−
(Takada et al., 2017)	+	+	+	+	−
(Rao et al., 2009)	+	+	+	+	−
(Reale et al., 2012)	+	+	+	+	−
(Bajaj et al., 2014)	+	?	?	−	−
(Kelly et al., 2017)	+	+	?	−	−
(Sanchez et al., 2017)	+	+	+	−	?
(Michalickova et al., 2016)	+	+	+	−	?
(Culpepper et al., 2016; Langkamp-Henken et al., 2015)	+	+	+	+	?
(Slykerman et al., 2017)	+	+	+	+	?
(Childs et al., 2014)	+	+	+	+	?
(Choi et al., 2011)	+	+	+	−	?
(Lorenzo-Zuniga et al., 2014)	+	+	+	−	?
(Lyra et al., 2016)	+	+	+	+	?
(Spiller et al., 2016)	+	+	+	−	?
(Dapoigny et al., 2012)	+	+	+	+	?
(Nishihira et al., 2014)	+	+	+	+	−
(Nobutani et al., 2017)	+	+	+	+	−
(Pinto-Sanchez et al., 2017)	+	+	+	+	?
(Yang et al., 2016b)	+	?	?	?	−
(Fujimori et al., 2009)	+	+	+	−	−
(Steenbergen et al., 2015)	+	+	+	+	−
(Moller et al., 2017)	+	+	+	−	−
(Tillisch et al., 2013)	+	+	+	−	−
(Mohammadi et al., 2016)	+	+	+	+	?
(Messaoudi et al., 2011a; Messaoudi et al., 2011b)	+	+	+	−	−
(Diop et al., 2008)	+	+	+	+	−
(Romijn et al., 2017)	+	+	+	+	?
(Akkasheh et al., 2016)	+	+	+	+	?
(Dickerson et al., 2014; Severance et al., 2017; Tomasik et al., 2015)	+	?	?	+	?
(De Lorenzo et al., 2017)	+	+	+	+	?
(Kouchaki et al., 2016)	+	+	+	+	?
(Feher et al., 2014)	+	?	?	+	?
(Lee et al., 2014)	+	+	+	−	?
(Malaguarnera et al., 2010)	+	+	+	?	−

Key: + = Low Risk for Bias, − = High Risk for Bias, ? = Unclear Risk for Bias

^*As reported by Higgins et al. (2011).