Table 6.
Cross-Species Overview of Single- Versus Multi-Strain Probiotic Treatments in Association with Neuropsychiatric Outcomes.
| Trials | N/% single- strain |
N/% multi- strain |
N/% assessed anxiety, depression, or emotional behavior |
N/% assessed cognition or social behavior |
N/% single- strain change in stress, anxiety, or depression |
N/% of single-strain change in cognition or social behavior |
N/% of multi-strain change in stress, anxiety, or depression |
N/% of multi-strain change in cognition or social behavior |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human – 44 | 27/61.4 | 16/36.4 | 37/84.1 | 17/38.6 | 15/55.6 | 7/25.9 | 8/50.0 | 5/31.5 |
| Infant/Child – 7 | 6/85.7 | 1/14.3 | 5/71.4 | 2/28.6 | 1/16.7 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 1/100.0 |
| Y oung/Middle-Aged Adult – 32* | 18/56.3 | 13/40.6 | 29/90.6 | 11/34.4 | 13/72.2 | 6/33.3 | 8/61.5 | 2/15.4 |
| Older Adult – 5 | 3/60.0 | 2/40.0 | 3/60.0 | 4/80.0 | 1/33.3 | 1/33.3 | 0/0 | 2/100.0 |
| Non-Human – 58 | 38/65.5 | 20/35.5 | 40/69.0 | 42/72.4 | 23/60.5 | 22/57.9 | 9/45.0 | 17/85.0 |
| Rat – 25 | 11/44.0 | 14/56.0 | 18/72.0 | 19/76.0 | 6/54.5 | 6/54.5 | 6/42.9 | 10/71.4 |
| Mouse – 27 | 22/81.5 | 5/18.5 | 18/66.7 | 20/74.1 | 14/63.6 | 14/63.6 | 3/60.0 | 5/100.0 |
| Zebrafish – 5 | 4/80.0 | 1/20.0 | 3/60.0 | 2/40.0 | 2/50.0 | 1/25.0 | NA | 1/100.0 |
| Quail – 1 | 1/100.0 | 0/0.0 | 1/100.0 | 1/100.0 | 1/100.0 | 1/100.0 | NA | NA |
Abbreviations: NA = Not Applicable
*
One of the double-blind probiotic trials observing significant changes in cognitive function did not report whether the Bifidobacterium formulation tested was a single- or multi-strain combination. This study was excluded from calculations noted in this table.