Figure 4.

Rapid adaption of behavioral and neural responses between blocks. A, Licking behavior. Graph shows grand mean lick rate calculated from only the first and second trials of each block for C→R (R#1, R#2) and C→X (X#1, X#2). Data were smoothed with a 5-bin running average. Straight arrow highlights that background licking activity during the intertrial interval before cue onset became evident on the second trial of C→R (R#2), but had disappeared entirely already on the first trial of C→X block (X#1); that is, before any instance of lack of reward had occurred. Curved arrow highlights that some conditioned licking in response to the cue was already present in R#1 and was absent already on X#1. B, Neural cue responses. In each plot, traces show grand mean baseline-subtracted PETH centered on cue onset calculated from only the last five trials of C→R (red) and the first five trials of the subsequent C→X block (blue). Data are smoothed with a 5-bin running average. Left graph shows data for neurons in which the overall PETH calculated from the entire block had an excitation in C→R but not C→X. Right graph shows data from neurons with a response in overall PETH in C→X but not C→R.