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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Cancer. 2018 Feb 21;4(3):176–196. doi: 10.1016/j.trecan.2018.01.003

Figure 1. Preclinical Strategies To Study Brain Metastasis.

Figure 1

(A) Cell line-derived xenotransplants (clDX) (human cancer cell lines implanted in immunosuppressed animals) have been extensively used [21,22,66,168–170]. clDX correspond to organotropic cell lines that target preferentially the brain. (B) The use of syngeneic mouse cell lines tropic to the brain allows using immunocompetent mice and to test them in genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) with an altered brain microenvironment [25,28,44]. (C) Few of the many GEMM or chemically induced cancer models result in brain metastases; three such models have been reported to generate brain metastasis. (D) Patient-derived brain metastasis xenotransplants (POX) reproduce the main histological and genomic findings in humans [39,42,140,171,172]. and are potential resources for investigation of targeted therapies. Abbreviation: BrM, brain metastasis.