Table 1.
Association Between Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate [mL/(min·1.73 m2)] and Study Site As Well As Altitude Above the Sea Level
| Crude | Model A | Model B | |
|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | |
| Study site (degree of urbanization) | N = 4208 | N = 4101 | N = 4046 |
| Rural Puno | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Tumbes (†) | −10.13 (−12.80 to −7.46) | −7.12 (−9.92 to −4.32) | −7.16 (−10.33 to −3.99) |
| Urban Puno (††) | −14.11 (−16.96 to −11.26) | −10.83 (−13.91 to −7.74) | −10.78 (−13.88 to −7.69) |
| Arequipa (†††) | −13.45 (−15.89 to −11.02) | −8.22 (−10.92 to −5.53) | −8.07 (−10.90 to −5.24) |
| Lima (††††) | −0.42 (−3.06 to 2.22) | 0.31 (−2.48 to 3.09) | 0.31 (−2.89 to 3.51) |
| Altitude above the sea level | N = 4208 | N = 4101 | N = 4046 |
| Low altitude | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Intermediate altitude | −8.19 (−9.59 to −6.78) | −4.26 (−5.70 to −2.81) | −3.93 (−5.55 to −2.32) |
| High altitude | −2.38 (−4.19 to −0.56) | −2.53 (−3.34 to −0.71) | −2.13 (−4.63 to 0.37) |
| Altitude above the sea level among urban sites | N = 2977 | N = 2894 | N = 2839 |
| Low altitude | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Intermediate altitude | −13.03 (−14.72 to −11.34) | −8.66 (−10.43 to −6.88) | −8.60 (−10.55 to −6.66) |
| High altitude | −13.69 (−15.94 to −11.44) | −11.08 (−13.33 to −8.82) | −11.21 (−14.19 to −8.24) |
Model A includes sex, age (numeric variable), education, hypertension, diabetes, BMI (numeric variable), and height (numeric variable), whereas model B also includes hemoglobin (numeric variable). Estimates in bold are statistically significant (p < 0.050). Interpretation: in comparison to being a resident of rural Puno or of a low altitude site, the eGFR is expected to be higher or lower in a magnitude equal to the β value. Higher degree of urbanization is represented by the number of crosses (†). The regression model for altitude above the sea level among urban sites excluded Tumbes and rural Puno.
95% CI, 95% confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.