Table 1.
Efficacy of Diagnostic Tests for Evaluating Instability of the Anterior Talofibular (ATF) and Calcaneofibular (CF) Ligamentsa
| Diagnostic Test |
Reported Scores |
Calculated Scores |
||
| Sensitivity |
Specificity |
+ Likelihood Ratio |
− Likelihood Ratio |
|
| Anterior drawer | ||||
| In vivo10,11 | 73–96 | 84–97 | 6.00–24.33 | 0.048–0.278 |
| Cadaver12,13 | 75–100 | 50–67 | 1.5–3.02 | 0.001–0.500 |
| Anterior lateral drawer (cadaver)12,13 | 100 | 67–100 | 3.02–999.0 | 0.001–0.002 |
| Stress radiographs14 | 31–74 | 92–100 | 1.92–710.0 | 0.290–0.693 |
| Diagnostic ultrasound | ||||
| ATF ligament15–18 | 94–100 | 50–100 | 12.25–940.0 | 0.010–0.060 |
| CF ligament17 | 94 | 91 | 10.44 | 0.066 |
| Magnetic resonance imaging | ||||
| ATF ligament19–22 | 67–87 | 53–100 | 1.766–4.47 | 0.001–0.321 |
| CF ligament20,21 | 40–47 | 83–100 | 1.66–2.76 | 0.002–0.638 |
a
Sensitivity and specificity scores, reported as %, are represented from the published studies. Positive and negative likelihood ratios were calculated from these published scores. Diagnostic tests are grouped with bolded and lightface rows. When a sensitivity or specificity was reported as 100%, a value of 99.9% was substituted in the formula to calculate the likelihood ratios.