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. 2019 Jun 11;54(6):727–736. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-450-17

Table 2.

Patient-Reported Outcomes, Balance, and Cortical Activity at Each Timepoint

Measure
 Baseline
 Immediate Posttest
 Initial Treatment
 1-wk Posttest, Mean ± SD
 Delayed Treatment
Mean ± SD
 Change Score, Mean ± SD
 Hedges g Effect Size (95% CI)
 Change Score, Mean ± SD
 Hedges g Effect Size (95% CI)
Perceptual outcomes
 Foot and Ankle Ability Measure, %
  Activities of Daily Living subscalea 88.11 ± 6.04 91.50 ± 5.78b 3.39 ± 6.04 0.79 (0.05, 1.54)c 93.29 ± 6.75b 5.18 ± 6.24 0.75 (0.01, 1.49)c
  Sports subscalea 76.88 ± 14.11 83.96 ± 11.74 7.08 ± 15.47 0.67 (−0.07, 1.40) 88.33 ± 8.95b,d 11.46 ± 14.26 0.74 (0.00, 1.48)c
 Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia—11-item 19.60 ± 4.34 17.73 ± 2.71 1.87 ± 3.93 0.48 (−0.25, 1.21) 18.13 ± 4.93 1.47 ± 2.90 0.46 (−0.26, 1.19)
 Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnairea 10.00 ± 3.91 6.80 ± 4.06b 3.20 ± 4.33 0.61 (−0.12, 1.35) 6.73 ± 4.40b 3.27 ± 4.17 0.71 (−0.03, 1.45)
Balance outcomes
 Star Excursion Balance Test, %
  Anterior directiona 74.71 ± 5.37 80.38 ± 4.03b 5.66 ± 3.41 1.47 (0.66, 2.27)c 79.70 ± 4.19b 4.99 ± 3.32 1.43 (0.63, 2.23)c
  Posteromedial directiona 84.56 ± 9.05 92.50 ± 7.37b 7.94 ± 6.47 1.41 (0.61, 2.21)c 92.59 ± 7.83b 8.04 ± 6.31 1.16 (0.39, 1.94)c
  Posterolateral directiona 80.98 ± 12.16 90.27 ± 7.60b 9.29 ± 7.96 0.83 (0.08, 1.58)c 91.51 ± 7.81b 10.52 ± 8.37 1.27 (0.48. 2.05)c
 Eyes open
  Center-of-pressure path length, cma 42.33 ± 10.89 37.56 ± 9.36 4.76 ± 8.69 0.50 (−0.22, 1.23) 34.74 ± 10.10b 7.59 ± 8.84 0.78 (0.03, 1.52)c
  Anteroposterior maximal velocity, cm/s 11.77 ± 2.66 12.75 ± 3.34 −0.99 ± 2.17 −0.24 (−0.95, 0.48) 11.22 ± 3.12 −0.54 ± 2.75 −0.18 (−0.90, 0.54)
  Mediolateral maximal velocity, cm/sa 14.31 ± 4.36 12.96 ± 3.50 1.35 ± 3.63 0.33 (−0.39, 1.06) 10.83 ± 3.70b 3.48 ± 3.77 0.84 (0.09, 1.59)c
  Center-of-pressure area, cm2 8.10 ± 4.51 5.80 ± 2.06 2.31 ± 4.03 0.50 (−0.23, 1.22) 6.89 ± 3.17 1.22 ± 4.70 0.24 (−0.48, 0.96)
 Eyes closed
  Center-of-pressure path length, cma 92.31 ± 21.68 83.73 ± 20.71 8.58 ± 22.63 0.39 (−0.33, 1.11) 78.26 ± 23.49b 14.05 ± 21.23 0.60 (−0.13, 1.33)
  Anteroposterior maximal velocity, cm/s 27.26 ± 6.02 26.54 ± 5.42 0.72 ± 5.38 0.08 (−0.63, 0.80) 24.93 ± 7.45 −2.33 ± 9.09 −0.23 (−0.95, 0.49)
  Mediolateral maximal velocity, cm/s 31.30 ± 8.36 28.08 ± 7.08 3.23 ± 8.62 0.34 (−0.39, 1.06) 27.27 ± 9.50 4.03 ± 10.05 0.36 (−0.36, 1.08)
  Center-of-pressure area, cm2 27.25 ± 12.09 21.90 ± 6.51 5.35 ± 10.98 0.47 (−0.25, 1.20) 21.04 ± 8.13 6.21 ± 11.12 0.52 (−0.21, 1.25)
 Time to new stability, s 2.23 ± 0.22 2.22 ± 0.17 0.01 ± 0.24 0.03 (−0.69, 0.74) 2.18 ± 0.13 0.04 ± 0.25 0.17 (−0.55, 0.88)
 Duration of the anticipatory postural adjustment, ms 545.23 ± 76.19 554.26 ± 77.88 −9.04 ± 50.54 −0.16 (−0.87, 0.55) 553.55 ± 59.94 −6.32 ± 54.47 −0.14 (−0.86, 0.57)
Electroencephalography event-related spectral perturbation, dBe
 Θ 0.86 ± 0.97 0.80 ± 1.31 0.00 ± 1.08 −0.05 (−0.76, 0.67) 0.81 ± 0.86 0.01 ± 0.89 −0.05 (−0.76, 0.67)
 α −0.35 ± 1.47 −0.48 ± 1.30 −0.11 ± 1.33 −0.08 (−0.80, 0.63) −0.25 ± 0.88 0.17 ± 1.11 0.09 (−0.62, 0.81)
 β −0.38 ± 0.80 −0.62 ± 0.83 −0.24 ± 1.04 −0.21 (−0.92, 0.51) −0.52 ± 0.54 −0.17 ± 0.99 −0.13 (−0.85, 0.59)
 γ −0.09 ± 0.47 −0.28 ± 0.54 −0.20 ± 0.50 0.35 (−0.37, 1.08) 0.01 ± 0.57 0.05 ± 0.52 −0.17 (−0.89, 0.55)

Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.

a

Indicates a main effect of time (P < .05).

b

Difference from baseline (P < .05).

c

The 95% CI did not cross zero.

d

Difference from the immediate posttest (P < .05).

e

For event-related spectral perturbation outcomes, decibel values closer to zero indicate no change in signal power in a given frequency band. Negative values indicate a widespread increase in activity for the θ, α, and β. bands; positive values indicate more focal activity and increased activity for the γ band. Signs have been changed for outcome measures so a positive change score or Hedges g effect size indicates an improvement in the outcome measure. For ERSP effect sizes, a positive point estimate represents a decrease in cortical activity; this means a less negative decibel value for the θ, α, and β bands and a more negative decibel value for the γ band.