Table 2.

Articles Implementing Primary Prevention Programs and Quantifying Ankle-Injury or -Sprain Rates

Study	Population	Intervention	Ankle Specific?	Outcome	Risk Ratio (95% CI)	Number Needed to Treat
Emery and Meeuwisse (2010)61	Adolescent male and female soccer teams	Strengthening for core, hip, and knees	No	Ankle injuries	0.46 (0.24, 0.87)	26.8
		SL static balancing with perturbations
Engebretsen et al (2008)62	Adult male soccer teams	Strengthening for groin and knee	No	Ankle injuries	0.66 (0.34, 1.28)	11.3
		SL hopping in multiple planes
		Static and dynamic balancing tasks with perturbations
Labella et al (2011)63	Adolescent female soccer teams	Coach-implemented program consisting of strengthening, plyometric, balance, and agility exercises.	No	Ankle sprain	0.43 (0.18, 1.04)	76.8
Soligard et al (2008)64	Adolescent female soccer teams	FIFA-11 program consisting of lower extremity strengthening, SL balancing, and DL and SL hopping	No	Ankle sprain	0.85 (0.57, 1.26)	63.6
McGuine and Keene (2006)65	Adolescent male and female basketball and soccer athletes	Static and dynamic balancing tasks with perturbations	Yes	Ankle sprain	0.62 (0.38, 1.02)	26.4
Eils et al (2010)66	Adolescent and adult male basketball athletes	Static and dynamic balancing tasks	Yes	Ankle injuries	0.35 (0.16, 0.80)	5.5
		SL hopping exercises
Emery et al (2007)67	Adolescent male and female basketball teams	SL static balancing with perturbations	No	Ankle injuries	0.70 (0.52, 0.96)	18.9
Longo et al (2012)68	Adolescent male elite basketball teams	FIFA-11 program consisting of lower extremity strengthening, SL balancing, and DL and SL hopping	No	Ankle injuries	0.77 (0.13, 4.42)	88.6
Verhagen et al (2004)69	Adult male and female volleyball players	SL balancing with perturbations	No	Ankle sprain	0.54 (0.34, 0.85)	21.5
Olsen et al (2005)70	Adolescent male and female handball teams	Hip and knee strengthening and plyometric exercises	No	Ankle injuries	0.60 (0.38, 0.93)	59.7
		Agility exercises
		DL and SL static and dynamic balance
Wedderkopp et al (1999)71	Adolescent female handball players	SL balancing exercises with perturbations	Yes	Ankle injuries	0.30 (0.13, 0.70)	7.8
Goodall et al (2013)72	Male and female army recruits	Dynamic SL and DL balance tasks	No	Ankle injuries	1.11 (0.77, 1.59)	75.0a
		SL and DL hopping exercises
Overall effect—ankle sprain					0.72 (0.61, 0.85)	37.4
Overall effect—ankle injuries					0.53 (0.40, 0.70)	39.0

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; DL, double legged; FIFA, Fédération Internationale de Football Association; SL, single-legged.

^a Indicates number needed to harm.