Table 1.
Meta-analysis | Sensitivity analysis | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time Period | Outcome Type | Condition | N | k | ES | 95% CI | I2 | Q | p | kimp | ESadj | 95% CI |
Pre-post | Mindfulness | Mindfulness | 2134 | 52 | 0.49 | [0.39, 0.58] | 76.87 | 202.21 | < .001 | 11 | 0.37 | [0.25, 0.49] |
Mindfulness | Waitlist | 997 | 29 | −0.03a | [−0.09, 0.03] | 0.00 | 27.53 | 490 | 4 | −0.003 | [−0.06, 0.05] | |
Mindfulness | Bona fide | 1479 | 31 | 0.23a | [0.10, 0.37] | 82.14 | 115.53 | < .001 | 0 | |||
Pre-FU | Mindfulness | Mindfulness | 832 | 17 | 0.31 | [0.17, 0.45] | 72.54 | 51.77 | < .001 | 0 | ||
Mindfulness | Waitlist | 301 | 8 | −0.06b | [−0.31,0.20] | 77.25 | 23.51 | .001 | 0 | |||
Mindfulness | Bona fide | 700 | 13 | 0.15b | [0.03, 0.27] | 54.75 | 30.47 | .002 | 0 | |||
Pre-post | Clinical Outcomes | Mindfulness | 2104 | 51 | 0.61 | [0.50, 0.72] | 83.91 | 233.66 | < .001 | 0 | ||
Clinical Outcomes | Waitlist | 1011 | 30 | 0.12c | [0.06, 0.18] | 15.32 | 30.50 | .389 | 0 | |||
Clinical Outcomes | Bona fide | 1439 | 29 | 0.58c | [0.35, 0.81] | 95.07 | 231.03 | < .001 | 0 | |||
Pre-FU | Clinical Outcomes | Mindfulness | 939 | 21 | 0.65 | [0.50, 0.81] | 81.85 | 93.87 | < .001 | 3 | 0.58 | [0.40, 0.75] |
Clinical Outcomes | Waitlist | 341 | 10 | 0.26d | [0.10, 0.42] | 62.62 | 24.44 | .004 | 2 | 0.32 | [0.16, 0.49] | |
Clinical Outcomes | Bona fide | 755 | 15 | 0.56d | [0.32, 0.81] | 92.00 | 136.79 | < .001 | 0 |
Note: Number of studies (k) varied from full sample due to data being unavailable to compute pre-post or pre- to follow-up effect sizes for the mindfulness and comparison groups separately. FU = follow-up; ES = effect size (Hedges’ gwithin quantifies within-group change from baseline); CI = confidence interval; I2 = heterogeneity; Q = Q-statistic assessing degree of heterogeneity; p = p-value for Q-statistic; kimp = number of studies imputed using trim-and-fill analyses to account for funnel plot asymmetry; ESadj = trim-and-fill adjusted effect size;
= significant difference between comparison group effect sizes (Q[1] = 16.50, p < .001);
= no significant difference between comparison group effect sizes (Q[1] = 1.68, p = .195);
= significant difference between comparison group effect sizes (Q[1] = 17.66, p < .001);
= no significant difference between comparison group effect sizes (Q[1] = 3.45, p = .063). Type of mindfulness measure (FFMQ/KIMS, MAAS, or other) was tested as a moderator of within-group effects on mindfulness. There was no evidence for moderation by the measure of mindfulness used (ps > .050).