Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Mindfulness (N Y). 2018 Oct 9;10(5):775–785. doi: 10.1007/s12671-018-1032-y

Table 1.

Within-group responsiveness, by condition and type of outcome

Meta-analysis Sensitivity analysis
Time Period Outcome Type Condition N k ES 95% CI I2 Q p kimp ESadj 95% CI
Pre-post Mindfulness Mindfulness 2134 52 0.49 [0.39, 0.58] 76.87 202.21 < .001 11 0.37 [0.25, 0.49]
Mindfulness Waitlist 997 29 −0.03a [−0.09, 0.03] 0.00 27.53 490 4 −0.003 [−0.06, 0.05]
Mindfulness Bona fide 1479 31 0.23a [0.10, 0.37] 82.14 115.53 < .001 0
Pre-FU Mindfulness Mindfulness 832 17 0.31 [0.17, 0.45] 72.54 51.77 < .001 0
Mindfulness Waitlist 301 8 −0.06b [−0.31,0.20] 77.25 23.51 .001 0
Mindfulness Bona fide 700 13 0.15b [0.03, 0.27] 54.75 30.47 .002 0
Pre-post Clinical Outcomes Mindfulness 2104 51 0.61 [0.50, 0.72] 83.91 233.66 < .001 0
Clinical Outcomes Waitlist 1011 30 0.12c [0.06, 0.18] 15.32 30.50 .389 0
Clinical Outcomes Bona fide 1439 29 0.58c [0.35, 0.81] 95.07 231.03 < .001 0
Pre-FU Clinical Outcomes Mindfulness 939 21 0.65 [0.50, 0.81] 81.85 93.87 < .001 3 0.58 [0.40, 0.75]
Clinical Outcomes Waitlist 341 10 0.26d [0.10, 0.42] 62.62 24.44 .004 2 0.32 [0.16, 0.49]
Clinical Outcomes Bona fide 755 15 0.56d [0.32, 0.81] 92.00 136.79 < .001 0

Note: Number of studies (k) varied from full sample due to data being unavailable to compute pre-post or pre- to follow-up effect sizes for the mindfulness and comparison groups separately. FU = follow-up; ES = effect size (Hedges’ gwithin quantifies within-group change from baseline); CI = confidence interval; I2 = heterogeneity; Q = Q-statistic assessing degree of heterogeneity; p = p-value for Q-statistic; kimp = number of studies imputed using trim-and-fill analyses to account for funnel plot asymmetry; ESadj = trim-and-fill adjusted effect size;

a

= significant difference between comparison group effect sizes (Q[1] = 16.50, p < .001);

b

= no significant difference between comparison group effect sizes (Q[1] = 1.68, p = .195);

c

= significant difference between comparison group effect sizes (Q[1] = 17.66, p < .001);

d

= no significant difference between comparison group effect sizes (Q[1] = 3.45, p = .063). Type of mindfulness measure (FFMQ/KIMS, MAAS, or other) was tested as a moderator of within-group effects on mindfulness. There was no evidence for moderation by the measure of mindfulness used (ps > .050).