Table 2.
Meta-analysis | Sensitivity analysis | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time Period | Outcome Type | Comparison | N | k | ES | 95% CI | I2 | Q | p | kimp | ESadj | 95% CI |
Pre-post | Mindfulness | Waitlist | 1415 | 25 | 0.52a | [0.40, 0.64] | 17.45 | 30.40 | .172 | 6 | 0.45 | [0.33, 0.57] |
Mindfulness | Bona fide | 2863 | 30 | −0.25a | [0.11, 0.38] | 59.85 | 84.59 | <.001 | 0 | −0.003 | ||
Pre-FU | Mindfulness | Waitlist | 234 | 5 | 0.52b | [0.20, 0.84] | 21.65 | 5.44 | .245 | 2 | 0.35 | [−0.33, 0.72] |
Mindfulness | Bona fide | 1430 | 13 | 0.10b | [−0.08, 0.28] | 58.54 | 28.40 | .005 | 5 | −0.09 | [−0.30, 0.12] | |
Pre-post | Clinical Outcomes | Waitlist | 1415 | 25 | 0.37c | [0.25, 0.50] | 36.34 | 41.43 | .015 | 4 | 0.31 | [0.16, 0.45] |
Clinical Outcomes | Bona fide | 2863 | 30 | 0.16c | [0.07, 0.24] | 18.67 | 63.68 | < .001 | 1 | 0.17 | [0.08, 0.26] | |
Pre-FU | Clinical Outcomes | Waitlist | 296 | 6 | 0.27d | [−0.14, 0.67] | 70.34 | 16.87 | .005 | 0 | ||
Clinical Outcomes | Bona fide | 2020 | 0.18d | 0.18d | [0.06, 0.30] | 42.71 | 31.83 | .023 | 0 |
Note: The combined sample size (n = 4,278 from pre- to post, ) is smaller than the total unique sample size (n = 4,743) due to some studies including multiple comparison group types. When multiple comparison conditions were used, the less rigorous comparison condition (i.e., waitlist) was excluded in between-group analyses. ES = effect size (Δ quantifies degree to which responsiveness in the mindfulness condition exceeds that in the comparison condition); FU = follow-up; CI = confidence interval; I2 = heterogeneity; Q = Q-statistic assessing degree of heterogeneity; p = p-value for Q-statistic; kimp = number of studies imputed using trim-and-fill analyses to account for funnel plot asymmetry; ESadj = trim-and-fill adjusted effect size;
= significant difference between comparison group effect sizes (Q[1] = 9.08, p = .003);
= significant difference between comparison group effect sizes (Q[1] = 4.86, p = .028);
= significant difference between comparison group effect sizes (Q[1] = 8.27, p = .004);
= no significant difference between comparison group effect sizes (Q[1] = 0.02, p = .875).