Table 1.
Bivariate associations between covariates of interest and depression outcomes at 18 years (n = 9,665)a
| Total | Probable depression at 18 years |
Depression severity at 18 years |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | (%)b | p-valuec | Mean (SD) | p-valuec | |
| Total | 9665 (100.0) | 767 (7.9) | 3.20 (3.95) | ||
| Adversity trajectory group | |||||
| 1 - Stable low | 4472 (46.3) | 289 (6.5) | <0.001 | 2.67 (3.55) | <0.001 |
| 2 - Stable mild | 3589 (37.1) | 287 (8.0) | 3.31 (3.98) | ||
| 3 - Decreasing from moderate to mild | 856 (8.9) | 100 (11.7) | 4.46 (4.56) | ||
| 4 - Increasing from mild to high | 508 (5.3) | 61 (12.0) | 4.39 (4.53) | ||
| 5 - Stable high | 240 (2.5) | 30 (12.3) | 4.58 (4.60) | ||
| Child sex | |||||
| Male | 4983 (51.6) | 234 (4.7) | <0.001 | 2.49 (3.38) | <0.001 |
| Female | 4682 (48.4) | 533 (11.4) | 3.97 (4.34) | ||
| Highest level of parental education | |||||
| Below O-level | 1546 (16.0) | 126 (8.1) | 0.360 | 3.22 (3.98) | 0.117 |
| O-level | 2607 (27.0) | 214 (8.2) | 3.12 (3.95) | ||
| A-level | 3238 (33.5) | 273 (8.4) | 3.34 (4.03) | ||
| University degree or higher | 2274 (23.5) | 155 (6.8) | 3.10 (3.78) | ||
| Maternal depression or anxiety during pregnancyd | |||||
| No | 8133 (84.2) | 605 (7.4) | 0.007 | 3.01 (3.81) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 1532 (15.8) | 162 (10.6) | 4.22 (4.45) | ||
| Maternal age at child’s birth | |||||
| 15–24 years | 1728 (17.9) | 186 (10.8) | 0.002 | 3.53 (4.23) | 0.016 |
| 25–39 years | 3859 (39.9) | 302 (7.8) | 3.13 (3.91) | ||
| 30–34 years | 3007 (31.1) | 206 (6.8) | 3.12 (3.84) | ||
| 35–44 years | 1071 (11.1) | 73 (6.9) | 3.18 (3.86) | ||
a
Depression outcomes were assessed with the Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised (CIS-R)
b
Percentages reflect the prevalence of probable depression in each category
c
p-values from Chi-square tests, t-tests, or ANOVA
d
Crown-Crisp Experiential Index (CCEI) anxiety scale score > 10, CCEI depression scale score > 9, or Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score > 12 at 18 weeks gestation