Table 1.
Factors Associated With Urinary CMV Shedding Among CMV IgG-Seropositive 6- to 19-Year-Olds, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2004 (n = 9546)
| Characteristic | CMV Shedding Prevalence (95% CI) | Univariable PR (95% CI) | P Value | Multivariable PR (95% CI) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Years | |||||
| 6–8 | 34.4 (26.2–42.6) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| 9–11 | 20.6 (15.6–25.5) | 0.60 (0.43–0.83) | .003 | 0.61 (0.44–0.83) | .003 |
| 12–19 | 7.0 (5.4–8.6) | 0.20 (0.14–0.29) | <.001 | 0.21 (0.14–0.30) | <.001 |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 15.1 (11.7–18.6) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Female | 15.8 (12.9–18.8) | 1.04 (0.79–1.38) | .745 | 1.07 (0.82–1.40) | .586 |
| Race/Ethnicity | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 14.9 (10.8–19.0) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 18.1 (15.4–20.7) | 1.22 (0.89–1.66) | .210 | 1.22 (0.89–1.67) | .204 |
| Mexican American | 14.3 (11.7–16.9) | 0.96 (0.68–1.37) | .816 | 0.96 (0.68–1.34) | .784 |
| Annual Family Income | |||||
| <$35 000 | 17.1 (14.0–20.1) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| ≥$35 000 | 13.5 (10.2–16.9) | 0.79 (0.59–1.06) | .108 | 0.85 (0.64–1.12) | .226 |
| Household Crowdinga | |||||
| <0.75 people per room | 14.7 (10.8–18.6) | Ref. | |||
| 0.75–0.9 people per room | 13.9 (9.0–18.8) | 0.94 (0.59–1.50) | .785 | ||
| ≥1 person per room | 17.8 (14.3–21.3) | 1.21 (0.87–1.68) | .240 | ||
| Recent Health in Past 30 Daysb | |||||
| Not sick | 15.2 (12.4–18.0) | Ref. | |||
| Sick | 16.2 (12.3–20.0) | 1.06 (0.80–1.42) | .672 | ||
| Maximum Household Educationc | |||||
| Less than high school | 16.6 (12.9–20.3) | Ref. | |||
| High school or GED | 17.4 (12.3–22.5) | 1.05 (0.73–1.50) | .799 | ||
| Some college or more | 13.9 (10.8–17.0) | 0.84 (0.61–1.15) | .256 | ||
| Body Mass Indexd | |||||
| Lean | 17.0 (13.9–20.2) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Overweight | 13.5 (9.2–17.7) | 0.79 (0.55–1.14) | .196 | 0.82 (0.58–1.14) | .227 |
| Obese | 11.3 (7.3–15.3) | 0.66 (0.45–0.98) | .038 | 0.68 (0.47–0.99) | .043 |
| Log-lymphocyte count (1000 cells/μL) | 1.93 (1.23–3.03) | .006 | 1.03 (0.66–1.62) | .889 | |
| Albuminuria (Albumin/Creatinine) | |||||
| Normal (<30 mg/g) | 15.2 (12.9–17.5) | Ref. | |||
| Albuminuria (≥30 mg/g) | 18.1 (9.9–26.3) | 1.19 (0.76–1.86) | .430 | ||
| C-Reactive Protein Quartiles (mg/dL) | |||||
| 1 (≤0.02) | 17.5 (12.7–22.2) | Ref. | |||
| 2 (0.03–0.05) | 15.7 (11.2–20.1) | 0.90 (0.63–1.29) | .543 | ||
| 3 (0.06–0.16) | 13.8 (9.8–17.8) | 0.79 (0.53–1.17) | .225 | ||
| 4 (>0.16) | 13.6 (9.5–17.7) | 0.78 (0.51–1.19) | .236 | ||
| Anemiae | |||||
| Normal | 14.1 (11.6–16.7) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Anemic | 21.5 (16.1–27.0) | 1.52 (1.13–2.06) | .009 | 1.01 (0.74–1.39) | .946 |
Abbreviations: CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; CI, confidence interval; CMV, cytomegalovirus; GED, General Education Diploma; IgG, immunoglobulin G; MEC, mobile examination center; PR, prevalence ratio; Ref., reference group.
NOTE: Data are weighted prevalence estimates and PRs calculated by Poisson regression. Taylor series linearization was used to estimate standard errors. Estimates were also calculated using Rubin’s rules. Bolded numbers indicate statistically significant estimates (P < .05).
aHousehold crowding was calculated by dividing the number of persons living in the home by the number of rooms in the home, excluding the kitchen.
bRecent health in the past 30 days was defined as a response of “yes” to having a head cold, chest cold, stomach or intestinal illness with vomiting or diarrhea, the flu, pneumonia, or an ear infection in the 30 days before the MEC examination.
cMaximum household education is the highest level of education achieved by either the head of household or their spouse.
dBody mass index (BMI) categories were defined by the CDC pediatric BMI-for-age weight status categories, where individuals were considered lean at <85th percentile, overweight at ≥85th to <95th percentile, and obese at ≥95th percentile.
eAnemia was defined as hemoglobin levels ≤12g/dL for females and ≤13.5g/dL for males.