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. 2019 Jul 1;9:9488. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45892-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Violin plots of the total phenotype cost function or total costs calculated for different cellular states. Comparisons of the median and the probability density functions of the cellular states (A) NPC Differentiation and (B) ASPC Differentiation observed in aNSC, general glioma, and high-grade GBM models respectively. In high-grade (Grade-IV) GBM model, the median costs for reaching the differentiated NPC and ASPC cells are opposite to each other. In adult NSC model, the median costs for reaching the differentiated NPC cellular state is lowest compared to the others tumorigenic models. In contrasts, the required total cost is significantly lower in the tumorigenic GBM model as compared to the non-tumorigenic aNSC model. Comparative analyses are also performed between the total costs required for reaching the LGG-II and Grade-IV tumor cell states in (C) general glioma and (D) High-grade GBM models.