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. 2019 Jul 1;9:9423. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45962-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Experimental workflow. The experimental design included the four following treatments (panel A): (i) control samples; (ii) aPDI-treated samples; (iii) aBL-treated samples; and (iv) CIP-treated samples. For the proper implementation of the study, all of the S. aureus cultures described above (from the 1^st, 5^th, 10^th and 15^th cycles) were tested to demonstrate (panel B): (i) a treatment-induced change in the mutation rate; (ii) a treatment-induced change in the susceptibility to H₂O₂; (iii) a treatment-induced change in the susceptibility to selected antimicrobials (GEN, DOX, VAN, CHL and RIF); (iv) whether developed tolerance is limited to the selection treatment or translates to other phototreatments; and (v) the phenotypic stability of the developed tolerance. In addition, whether sub-lethal aPDI and aBL lead to increased umuC expression levels was tested.