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. 2019 Jul 1;9:9423. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45962-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of sub-lethal phototreatments and CIP on the mutation rate. Potential increases in the mutation rate were examined after the 5^th, 10^th and 15^th consecutive cycles of exposure to aPDI, aBL and CIP (½ MIC). One hundred microliter aliquots of the overnight cultures from the 1^st, 5^th, 10^th and 15^th cycles were spread on TSB agar plates containing RIF 0.25 μg/mL (4x MIC) and incubated at 37 °C. After 24 h of incubation, CFU were counted, and the mutation frequency was defined as the ratio of RIF^R colonies in relation to the total number of bacteria (CFU). The bars represent the mean values of three biological replicates ± standard deviation (SD). *P < 0.05 (vs control).