Table 1.
Baseline characteristics by acute kidney injury
| Characteristics | No AKI (113) | AKI (244) | p | Missing (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), years | 50.2 (15.8) | 54.3 (15.7) | 0.02a | 0 (0) |
| Male sex, n (%) | 54 (47.8) | 137 (56.1) | 0.14 | 0 (0) |
| BMI, median (IQR), kg/m2 | 29.7 (24.6–35.5) | 30.3 (25–38.2) | 0.36 | 0 (0) |
| Race, n (%) | ||||
| White | 88 (77.9) | 170 (69.7) | 0.11 | 0 (0) |
| Black or African-American | 20 (17.7) | 58 (23.8) | 0.20 | 0 (0) |
| SOFA, mean (SD), points | 9 (2.6) | 11.9 (3.6) | < 0.001a | 9 (2.5) |
| Non-renal SOFA, mean (SD), points | 8.9 (2.6) | 10.7 (3) | < 0.001a | 9 (2.5) |
| APACHE III, mean (SD), points | 95 (26) | 115 (31) | < 0.001a | 15 (4.2) |
| Charlson comorbidities index, median (IQR), points | 2 (0–4) | 3 (1–5) | 0.002a | 0 (0) |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Chronic lung diseases | 44 (38.9) | 74 (30.3) | 0.11 | 0 (0) |
| Diabetes | 23 (20.4) | 72 (29.5) | 0.07 | 0 (0) |
| Active malignancies | 18 (15.9) | 59 (24.2) | 0.08 | 0 (0) |
| Liver disease | 5 (4.4) | 28 (11.5) | 0.03a | 0 (0) |
| Heart failure | 5 (4.4) | 22 (9) | 0.13 | 0 (0) |
| Recent surgery within 3 months | 4 (3.5) | 10 (4.1) | 1.00 | 0 (0) |
| Cause of ARDS, n (%) | ||||
| Pneumonia | 91 (80.5) | 204 (83.6) | 0.48 | 0 (0) |
| Aspiration | 22 (19.5) | 43 (17.6) | 0.67 | 0 (0) |
| Non-pulmonary sepsis | 3 (2.7) | 21 (8.6) | 0.04a | 0 (0) |
| Pancreatitis | 6 (5.3) | 8 (3.3) | 0.39 | 0 (0) |
| Echocardiographic findings | ||||
| EF, median (IQR), % | 60 (55–65) | 60 (55–65) | 0.21 | 46 (12.9) |
| RVSP, median (IQR), mm Hg | 38 (31–48) | 40 (32–50) | 0.33 | 123 (34.5) |
| Septic shock | 37 (32.7) | 142 (58.2) | < 0.001a | 0 (0) |
| Nephrotoxic agents, n (%) | ||||
| Antimicrobial agents | 103 (91.2) | 195 (84.4) | 0.08 | 13 (3.6) |
| Contrast agents | 34 (30.1) | 64 (26.3) | 0.46 | 1 (0.3) |
| ACEI | 15 (13.3) | 27 (11.1) | 0.55 | 0 (0) |
| Calcineurin inhibitors | 5 (4.4) | 10 (4.1) | 1.00 | 0 (0) |
| NSAIDs | 4 (3.5) | 4 (1.6) | 0.27 | 0 (0) |
| Number of nephrotoxic agents, median (IQR), count | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 0.75 | 13 (3.6) |
| Rescue therapies (%) | ||||
| Continuous NMBA | 37 (32.7) | 99 (40.6) | 0.16 | 0 (0) |
| Inhaled vasodilators | 21 (18.6) | 64 (26.2) | 0.11 | 0 (0) |
| Prone positioning | 13 (11.5) | 34 (13.9) | 0.53 | 0 (0) |
| ECMO | 5 (4.4) | 7 (2.9) | 0.53 | 0 (0) |
| Recruitment maneuvers | 4 (3.5) | 20 (8.2) | 0.10 | 0 (0) |
| HFOV | 2 (1.8) | 11 (4.5) | 0.24 | 0 (0) |
| Known baseline SCr, n (%) | 57 (50.4) | 145 (59.4) | 0.11 | 0 (0) |
| Baseline SCr, mean (SD), mg/dL | 0.79 (0.18) | 0.82 (0.2) | 0.44 | 156 (43.7) |
| eGFR, median (IQR), mL/min per 1.73 m2 | 98.2 (80.7–111.8) | 95.7 (80.7–111.1) | 0.83 | 156 (43.7) |
| Time from ARDS diagnosis to hospital admission (IQR), days | 0 (− 3 to 1) | 0 (− 2 to 2) | 0.14 | 0 (0) |
ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, AKI acute kidney injury, APACHE acute physiology, age, chronic health evaluation, ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, BMI body mass index, ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, EF ejection fraction, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, HFOV high-frequency oscillatory ventilation, IQR interquartile range, NMBA neuromuscular blocking agents, NSAIDs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, RVSP right ventricular systolic pressure, SCr serum creatinine, SD standard deviation, SOFA sequential organ failure assessment
ap < 0.05