Table 3.
Benefits of controlled risk factors for CVD, COPD, and MACEs.
| Prevention | Benefits | References |
|---|---|---|
| Influenza vaccination | 30% decreased risk of MACEs over 1 year | (43) |
| Pneumococcal vaccination | 14% decreased risk of MACEs | (44) |
| Prophylactic antibiotherapy | 33% reduction in frequency of COPD exacerbations/person/year | (45) |
| No significant effects on severe adverse events or all cause-mortality | (45) | |
| Smoking cessation | 32% decreased risk of death or recurrent MI | (46) |
| 35% decreased risk of death or heart failure hospitalization | (46) | |
| 37% at 1 year and 62% at 3 years decreased risk of CHD mortality | (47) | |
| 16% decreased risk of COPD exacerbations after 5 years of cessation | (48) | |
| 35% decreased risk of COPD exacerbations after 10 years of cessation | (48) | |
| Improved cookstoves | 36% decreased risk of COPD in women | (49) |
| LDL-C control | 22% reduction in MACEs/1.0mmol/L LDL-C reduction | (39) |
| Tight glycemic control | 42% decreased risk of any MACEs | (50) |
| 57% decreased risk of nonfatal MI, stroke, or death from CVD | (50) | |
| Tight blood pressure control | 50% decreased risk of heart failure | (51) |
| 30–40% decreased risk of stroke | (51) | |
| 20–25% decreased risk of MI | (51) |
CVD, cardiovascular disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; MACEs, major adverse cardiovascular events; CHD, coronary heart disease; MI, myocardial infarction; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.