Table 3.
Changes in variables for the HMB-FA and placebo groups following plyometric exercise.
| Time point values |
T1 to T2 |
T1 to T3 |
T2 to T3 |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | T2 | T3 | ES (95% CI) | % of change | ES (95% CI) | % of change | ES (95% CI) | % of change | ||
| 8-OHdG (ng/mL) | HMB-FA | 9.28 ± 1.8 | 10.16 ± 0.9∗ | 10.45 ± 1.4∗ | 0.62 (−0.42 to 1.59) | 9.5 | 0.82 (−0.24 to 1.79) | 12.6 | 0.25 (−0.75 to 1.22) | 2.9 |
| Placebo | 9.46 ± 2.2 | 11.18 ± 2.6∗ | 12.91 ± 3.1∗†‡ | 0.76 (−0.33 to 1.68) | 18.2 | 1.28 (−0.15 to 2.28) | 36.5 | 0.64 (−0.39 to −1.61) | 15.5 | |
| MDA (nmol/mL) | HMB-FA | 7.97 ± 2 | 8.9 ± 1.6∗ | 9.98 ± 1.5∗ | 0.51 (−0.51 to 1.48) | 11.6 | 1.14 (−0.03 to 2.12) | 25.2 | 0.7 (−0.35 to 1.66) | 12.1 |
| Placebo | 7.87 ± 1.9 | 8.8 ± 2.1∗ | 11.1 ± 1∗†‡ | 0.46 (−0.55 to 1.43) | 11.8 | 2.13 (0.81 to 3.21) | 17.9 | 1.4 (0.24 to 2.4) | 26.1 | |
| PC (ng/mL) | HMB-FA | 45.17 ± 4.1 | 48.2 ± 10.2∗ | 56.5 ± 7∗ | 0.4 (−0.61 to 1.37) | 6.8 | 1.98 (0.68 to 3.04) | 25 | 0.94 (−0.14 to 1.92) | 17 |
| Placebo | 41.4 ± 6 | 51.1 ± 6.3∗ | 64.3 ± 7.3∗†‡ | 1.58 (0.38 to 2.6) | 23.4 | 3.43 (1.75 to 4.73) | 55 | 1.94 (0.66 to 3) | 25.8 | |
| WBC (cells/μL) | HMB-FA | 5895 ± 1580 | 7082 ± 1692∗ | 5900 ± 1476 | 0.73 (−0.32 to 1.69) | 20.8 | 0.01 (−0.96 to 0.98) | 0.1 | −0.74 (−1.71 to 0.31) | −17 |
| Placebo | 5782 ± 1411 | 9135 ± 1464∗‡ | 6265 ± 1750 | 2.23 (0.96 to 3.45) | 58 | 0.3 (−0.7 to 1.27) | 8.3 | −1.78 (−0.54 to −2.8) | −10 | |
| Neutrophils (%) | HMB-FA | 54.6 ± 9.2 | 55@ 10.5 | 59.1 ± 9.4∗ | 0.04 (−0.94 to 1.02) | 0.7 | 0.48 (−0.54 to 1.45) | 12.7 | 0.41 (−0.6 to 1.38) | 7.5 |
| Placebo | 54.8 ± 2.1 | 56.1 ± 5.2 | 61.8 ± 5.5∗ | 0.33 (−0.68 to 1.3) | 2.4 | 1.68 (0.47 to 2.71) | 12.7 | 1.07 (−0.03 to 2.05) | 10.1 | |
| Lymphocytes (%) | HMB-FA | 29.5 ± 7.7 | 29.8 ± 9.5 | 26.8 ± 7.3 | 0.03 (−0.95 to 1.01) | 1 | −0.36 (−1.33 to 0.65) | −9.1 | −0.35 (−1.32 to 0.65) | −10 |
| Placebo | 29.7 ± 4.5 | 34.2 ± 7.1∗‡ | 26.6 ± 5.1 | 0.76 (−0.3 to 1.73) | 15.1 | −0.64 (−1.61 to 0.39) | −10.4 | −1.23 (−2.22 to 0.1) | −22 | |
| Monocytes (%) | HMB-FA | 7.5 ± 0.5 | 8.91 ± 1.1∗ | 9.1 ± 1.5∗ | 1.65 (0.44 to 2.68) | 18.8 | 1.43 (0.27 to 2.44) | 21.3 | 0.14 (−0.84 to 1.12) | 2.3 |
| Placebo | 7.6 ± 1.7 | 9.1 ± 1.6∗ | 9.9 ± 1.8∗ | 0.91 (−0.17 to 1.88) | 19.7 | 1.33 (−0.17 to 2.31) | 30.2 | 0.47 (−0.55 to 1.44) | 8.8 | |
∗Denotes differences compared to T1, p ≤ 0.05, †denotes differences compared to T2, p ≤ 0.05, ‡denotes differences compared to HMB-FA, p ≤ 0.05. 8-OHdG, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine; MDA, malondialdehyde; PC, protein carbonyl; WBC, white blood cells; T1, Pre; T2, Post; T3, 1-h post. Values are mean ± SD. Effect size, ES [95% confidence interval (CI)].