Figure 1.

PPARγ agonist pioglitazone reverses EcoHIV-1 mediated inflammatory responses in vitro. Primary cultures of mixed mouse glial cells were treated with PPARγ agonist, pioglitazone (50 µM) or co-treated with PPARγ antagonist GW9662 (10 µM) for 1 h prior to EcoHIV-1 (17.5 ng of p24 per 1 × 10⁶ cells) exposure for 24 h. (a) TNF-α (b) IL-1β (c) iNOS (d) CCL2 (e) CCL3 and (f) CXCL10 mRNA levels were measured using qPCR. Cyclophilin B was used as the housekeeping gene. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM relative to the DMSO (control) of at least 3 separate experiments. Asterisks and pound symbol represent data points significantly different from DMSO (control) and EcoHIV-1 (vehicle) respectively (*p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001, ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01, ^####p < 0.0001).