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. 2019 Jul 1;9:9428. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45878-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone reverses EcoHIV-1 mediated inflammatory responses in vivo. Adult C57BL/6 mice were administered IP, 30 min prior to IC unilateral injection of 1 × 10⁶ pg p24 of EcoHIV-1 with rosiglitazone (10 mg/kg/day) or co-administration with GW9662 (5 mg/kg/day). An equal volume of HI-EcoHIV-1 was injected IC and this group was used as an additional control. The subcortical brain region was isolated 5 days post IC, and inflammatory markers (a) TNFα (b) IL-1β (c) IFNγ (d) iNOS (e) CCL2 (f) CCL3 and (g) CXCL10 mRNA levels were measured using qPCR. Cyclophilin B was used as the housekeeping gene. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM relative to saline group (control) n = 5–12 animals/group. Asterisks and pound symbol represent data points significantly different from saline (control) and EcoHIV-1 (vehicle) respectively (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001, ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01, ^###p < 0.001).