Table 1.
Participant characteristics and patient treatment information.
| Healthy control |
Surgery |
Radiation |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 18 | n = 17 | n = 19 | ||
| Sex (male) | 6 | 12 | 11 | 0.08 |
| Average parental education (years) | 0.10 | |||
| Mean | 17.72 | 16.66 | 15.67 | |
| Standard deviation | 3.06 | 2.56 | 2.18 | |
| Range | 12.5–23.5 | 13.0–23.0 | 12.0–20.0 | |
| Age at assessment (years) | 0.09 | |||
| Mean | 12.29 | 12.74 | 14.13 | |
| Standard deviation | 2.44 | 3.13 | 2.21 | |
| Range | 8.1–16.7 | 8.3–17.9 | 8.3–16.7 | |
| MRI scan (3 T) | 17 | 14 | 17 | 0.52 |
| Age at diagnosis (years) | – | 0.26 | ||
| Mean | – | 6.23 | 7.43 | |
| Standard deviation | – | 3.65 | 2.59 | |
| Range | – | 1.8–15.4 | 3.0–12.2 | |
| Time since diagnosis (years) | – | 0.97 | ||
| Mean | – | 6.66 | 6.70 | |
| Standard deviation | – | 2.97 | 2.97 | |
| Range | – | 1.4–11.3 | 1.3–11.4 | |
| Tumour size (mm2)a | – | 0.54 | ||
| Mean | – | 2124.29 | 1883.44 | |
| Standard deviation | – | 1208.86 | 916.86 | |
| Range | – | 506–4800 | 624–3996 | |
| Tumour type | – | < 0.001 | ||
| Medulloblastoma (average risk) | – | 1 | 11 | |
| Medulloblastoma (high risk) | – | 1 | 4 | |
| Ependymoma | – | 1 | 4 | |
| Pilocytic astrocytoma | – | 13 | 0 | |
| Cribriform neuroepithelial Tumour | – | 1 | 0 | |
| Tumour location within the posterior fossa | – | 0.08 | ||
| Midline | – | 9 | 16 | |
| Left hemispheric | – | 2 | 0 | |
| Right hemispheric | – | 5 | 2 | |
| Unavailable | – | 1 | 1 | |
| Gross total resection (> 95% of tumour resected) | – | 13 | 16 | 0.43 |
| Hydrocephalus | – | |||
| No Hydrocephalus | – | 6 | 1 | 0.03 |
| Hydrocephalus with no treatment (resolved) | – | 5 | 5 | 0.56 |
| Hydrocephalus requiring CSF diversion (EVD, shunt, ventriculostomy) | – | 6 | 12 | 0.09 |
| Mutism following surgeryb | – | 3 | 7 | 0.18 |
| Neurological complications | – | |||
| Cranial nerve deficit | – | 1 | 5 | 0.12 |
| Hearing Loss | – | 2 | 8 | 0.37 |
| Meningitis | – | 0 | 2 | 0.27 |
| Motor deficits (ataxia, dysmetria, dysdiadochkinesia) | – | 6 | 19 | 0.02 |
| Visual impairment (Nystagmus; diplopia) | – | 7 | 10 | 0.36 |
| Recurrence | – | 0.45 | ||
| 0 | 15 | 14 | ||
| 1 | 2 | 4 | ||
| 2 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Number of surgeries | – | 0.24 | ||
| 1 | – | 16 | 14 | |
| 2 | – | 1 | 4 | |
| 3+ | – | 0 | 1 | |
| Radiation type | – | < 0.001 | ||
| None | – | 17 | 0 | |
| Focal (5400–5940 cGy) | – | 0 | 3 | |
| Reduced dose Cranial-Spinal (2340 cGy) + TB Boost (3240 cGy) | – | 0 | 11 | |
| Standard dose Cranial-Spinal (2340–3600 cGy) + TB or PF Boost (1800–3240 cGy) | – | 0 | 5 | |
| Chemotherapy | – | 0.01 | ||
| None | – | 12 | 5 | |
| ACNS0332 (carboplatin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, cisplatin, isotretinoin) |
– | 0 | 1 | |
| COG9961 (vincristine, lomustine, cisplatin) | – | 0 | 2 | |
| COG99703 (thiotepa, carboplatin) | 2 | 1 | ||
| Head Start II (vincristine, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, etoposide, methotrexate) | – | 1 | 0 | |
| POG9631 (etoposide, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine) | – | 0 | 1 | |
| SJMB96 & SJMB03 (vincristine, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide) | – | 0 | 9 | |
| Vinblastine monotherapy | – | 2 | 0 |
a
Tumor size was unavailable for 6 patients (3 surgery, 3 radiation).
b
Patients were classified as having mutism if they had diminished speech output, linguistic difficulties or dysarthria following surgery. Mutism is a transient dysfunction and had resolved in all participants by the time of baseline assessment.