Table 2. Studies investigating tissue-based biomarkers for prostate cancer.
| Authors (years) | n | PSA levels (ng/mL) | Gleason scores | TNM stage | Sample collection | Cytokines | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Milicevic et al., 2015 | 148 | N/A | ≤7 and ≥7 | N/A | Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded prostate tissue | IL-6 | IL-6 immunoreactivity was observed in the cytoplasm of benign, premalignant and malignant tissue samples |
| Hobisch et al., 2000 | 17 | N/A | ≥6 | N/A | Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded prostate tissue | IL-6 | IL-6 IHC expression found in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells of benign, preneoplastic, and malignant prostatic tissue |
| Wikstrom et al., 1998 | 73 | N/A | N/A | T0-4N0M0 | Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded prostate tissue | TGF-β1 | Overexpression of TGF-β1 in tumour tissue of patients who had shorter cancer-specific survival |
| Rodríguez-Berriguete et al., 2013 | 93 | ≥10; <10 | 6, 7, and 8 | T2–4 N0M0 | Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded prostate tissue | IL-1 and TNF-α | Significant association was found between expression of IL-1 and TNF-α and high pre-operative serum PSA levels and advanced pathological T-stage |
| Ma et al., 2015 | 128 | <10; >20 | ≤6, 7 and ≥8 | T2a–cN0M0 | Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded prostate tissue | T-2A, E-cadherin, IL-6, cyclin-E, PCNA and Bcl-2 | Expressions of MT-2A and cyclin E were significantly associated with biochemical recurrence |
| Murphy et al., 2005 | 40 | ≤10; ≥10 | 6, 8 and 10 | T2–3N0M0 | Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded prostate tissue | IL-8 | Overexpression of IL-8 was localized to the cytoplasm of cancer cells in correlation with advancing stage of the disease |
| Royuela et al., 2004 | 58 | N/A | ≤6, 7 and ≥8 | N/A | Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded prostate tissue | IL-6 | Intensity of IL-6 staining increasing with increasing Gleason grade |
| Caruso et al., 2008 | 103 | N/A | N/A | N/A | Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded prostate tissue | OPN and IL-8 | Increased IL-8 staining was observed in specimens from patients who had a biochemical recurrence |
| Cansino Alcaide et al., 2009 | 47 | 4–20 | 3, 5 and 8 | N/A | Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded prostate tissue | IL-1, TNF-α and IL-6 | High expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-6, IL-1) was associated with elevated PSA serum levels and tumour progression |
| Bouraoui et al., 2008 | 47 | 4–20 | 3, 5 and 8 | N/A | Unfixed and formalin-fixed prostate tumour tissue | TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1 | Significant association found between high expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1 and elevated PSA serum levels and tumour progression in PC |
PSA, prostate-specific antigen; IL-1, interleukin 1; TGF-β, tumour growth factors-β; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor-α; OPN, osteopontin; TNM, tumour node metastasis.