Table 5.

Studies evaluating the association of spatial QRS–T angle and outcomes in ESRD

References	Population	Sample size	Follow-up	Results	Comments
de Bie et al [54]	HD and PD	277	25.2 months (mean)	QRS–T angle independent predictor of all cause mortality (HR = 2.33, 95% CI 1.46–3.70; P < 0.01) and SCD (HR = 2.99, 95% CI 1.04–8.60; P < 0.05)	Single surface ECG
Poulikakos et al. 2014 [55]	HD	81	18 months	Extremely high TCRTs in patients who experienced arrhythmic events	Holter
Couderc et al. [57]	HD patients above the age of 40 with history of diabetes or hypertension	50	13 months	Statistically significant increase of the QRS–T angle after the dialysis session in the non-survivor group (P < 0.05)	Holter
Tereshchenko et al. [52]	Incident HD	358	864.6 person years	Spatial QRS–T angle >75° was independently associated with all-cause (HR = 2.38, 95% CI 1.41–4.04; P = 0.001) and cardiovascular mortality (HR = 2.99, 95% CI 1.31–6.82; P = 0.01)	5 min SA ECG