Table 2.

Regulatory factors of autophagy in endometrium

		Effect on autophagy	Note	References
Hormones	Estrogen	downregulate	by upregulating CXCL12 and CXCR4 expression	13-15, 17, 29, 30
		upregulate	by promoting the expression of EIG121	28, 31
	Progestogen	upregulate	impairing activation of AKT, ERK1/2, and mTOR	28, 31
		downregulate	PR dependent	14
	FSH	upregulate	partly through activating the phosphorylation of Smad2/ Smad3 via transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ)	33
	Androgen	negatively correlated	increased androgen availability in PCOS is associated with downregulation of endometrial autophagy	34
	Dexamethasone	downregulate	significantly reduced autophagy in the day 1 pregnant mice uterus which may be related to inflammatory response	14
Metabolism and Metabolites	Palmitic acid	downregulate	defects in autophagy caused by palmitic acid may contribute to impaired decidualization	16
	Indoleacrylic acid (IAA)	biphasic effect	inhibiting autophagy with doses <1 mmol/L but inducing at 1 mmol/L; autophagy caused by 1 mmol/L IAA coule be reversed by the concomitant treatment of tryptophan (100 mumol/L)	37
	Phosphocholine	upregulate	in a dose-dependent manner	37
	lyso-platelet-activating factor-16(lyso-PAF)	upregulate	in a dose-dependent manner	37
	retinoic acid	upregulate	/	38
	Folate acid		/	35
	calcium	downregulate	calcium chelator induce an early onset of autophagy through AMPK/mTORC1 pathway under oxidative stress	26
	iron	upregulate	by the activation of AKT and MAPK pathway	41
	hypoxia	upregulate	through HIF-1α	22, 23
	Oxidative stress	upregulate	by itself and/or a positive feedback with heme oxygenase-1(HO-1), ROS, and other down-stream responses	21, 41-43
Enzymes, inhibitor and drugs	SGK1	upregulate	associated to the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress	48
	Liraglutide	upregulate	may be related to the AMPK phosphorylation	49
	Bortezomib	downregulate	inducing ERK phosphorylation and inhibiting protein degradation in lysosomes	50
	MHY2256	upregulate	p53 acetylation	51
	RAD001	upregulate	downregulation of AKT/mTOR phosphorylation	52, 53
	Rapamycin	upregulate	binds to FKBP1A/FKBP12 and inhibits mTORC1	30, 58
	Metformin	upregulate	inducing autophagy through CEBPD upregulation or AMPKα	63, 64
	Sorafenib	upregulate	through a MAPK/JNK-dependent mechanism	67
	Isoliquiritigenin (ISL)	upregulate	By activating the extracellular signal regulated kinase signaling pathway	71
	Itraconazole	upregulate	inhibit the expression of mTOR signaling components	70
	Protopanaxadiol	upregulate	via AMPK/JNK phosphorylation	30, 72
	PDCD4	downregulate	may be related to NF-kappaB/MMP2/MMP9 signal pathway	68
	Cisplatin	upregulate	via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway	69
Others	miR-101-3p	upregulate	by downregulating the expression of Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)	73
	miR-210	upregulate	partly by inhibiting the Bcl-2 expression	76
	MiR-218	downregulate	by directly bind to the 3'-UTR of HMGB1 gene	77
	Lnc-RNA HOTAIR	downregulate	by influencing Beclin-1, MDR, and P-gp expression	78
	lncRNA-MALAT1	upregulate	/	79
	DNA mismatch repair (MMR)	upregulate	via signal transferred by p53	80