Table 3.
Active range of motion (ROM) (°) for human joints by gender and age [92].
| Age | 2–8 years | 9–19 years | 20–44 years | 45–69 years | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Females (39) | Males (55) | Females (56) | Males (48) | Females (143) | Males (114) | Females (123) | Males (96) | ||
| Joint Motion | Hip extension | 26.2 (23.9–28.5) |
28.3 (27.2–29.4) |
20.5 (18.6–22.4) |
18.2 (16.6–19.8) |
18.1 (17.0–19.2) |
17.4 (16.3–18.5) |
16.7 (15.5–17.9) |
13.5 (12.5–14.5) |
| Hip flexion | 140.8 (139.2–142.4) |
131.1 (129.4–132.8) |
134.9 (133.0–136.8) |
135.2 (133.0–137.4) |
133.8 (132.5–135.1) |
130.4 (129.0–131.8) |
130.8 (129.2–132.4) |
127.2 (125.7–128.7) |
|
| Knee flexion | 152.6 (151.2–154.0) |
147.8 (146.6–149.0) |
142.3 (140.8–143.8) |
142.2 (140.4–144.0) |
141.9 (140.9–142.9) |
137.7 (136.5–138.9) |
137.8 (136.5–139.1) |
132.9 (131.6–134.2) |
|
| Knee extension | 5.4 (3.9–6.9) |
1.6 (0.9–2.3) |
2.4 (1.5–3.3) |
1.8 (0.9–2.7) |
1.6 (1.1–2.1) |
1.0 (0.6–1.4) |
1.2 (0.7–1.7) |
0.5 (0.1–0.9) |
|
| Ankle dorsiflexion | 24.8 (22.5–27.1) |
22.8 (21.3–24.3) |
17.3 (15.6–19.0) |
16.3 (14.9–17.7) |
13.8 (12.9–14.7) |
12.7 (11.6–13.8) |
11.6 (10.6–12.6) |
11.9 (10.9–12.9) |
|
| Ankle plantar flexion | 67.1 (64.8–69.4) |
55.8 (54.4–57.2) |
57.3 (54.8–59.8) |
52.8 (50.8–54.8) |
62.1 (60.6–63.6) |
54.6 (53.2–56.0) |
56.5 (55.0–58.0) |
49.4 (47.7–51.1) |
|
| Shoulder flexion | 178.6 (176.9–180.3) |
177.8 (176.7–178.9) |
171.8 (169.8–173.8) |
170.9 (169.1–172.7) |
172.0 (170.9–173.1) |
168.8 (167.3–170.3) |
168.1 (166.7–169.5) |
164.0 (162.3–165.7) |
|
| Elbow flexion | 152.9 (151.5–154.3) |
151.4 (150.8–152.0) |
149.7 (148.5–150.9) |
148.3 (146.8–149.8) |
150.0 (149.1–150.9) |
144.6 (143.6–145.6) |
148.3 (147.3–149.3) |
143.5 (142.3–144.7) |
|
| Elbow extension | 6.8 (5.2–8.4) |
2.2 (0.9–3.5) |
6.4 (4.7–8.1) |
5.3 (3.6–7.0) |
4.7 (3.9–5.5) |
0.8 (0.1–1.5) |
3.6 (2.6–4.6) |
-0.7 (–1.5–0.1) |
|
| Elbow pronation | 84.6 (82.8–86.4) |
79.6 (78.8–80.4) |
81.2 (79.6–82.8) |
79.8 (77.8–81.8) |
82.0 (81.0–83.0) |
76.9 (75.6–78.2) |
80.8 (79.7–81.9) |
77.7 (76.5–78.9) |
|
| Elbow supination | 93.7 (91.4–96.0) |
86.4 (85.3–87.5) |
90.0 (88.0–92.0) |
87.8 (85.7–89.9) |
90.6 (89.2–92.0) |
85.0 (83.8–86.2) |
87.2 (86.0–88.4) |
82.4 (80.9–83.9) |
|