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Percentage changes in impedance magnitude (Z mag) with pLDH. Functionalized interdigitated electrode (IDE) sensors were incubated with 2.5 ng/mL pLDH in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and non-spiked PBS at measurement frequencies (A) 10 kHz, (B) 20 kHz, and (C) 50 kHz. Error bars are standard deviation, * indicates p ≤ 0.05 (Welch’s t-tests).
