Table 3.

Odds ratio (OR) for abnormal standard semen parameters in men with >18% SDF (n = 334) compared to men with ≤18% SDF (n = 343).

Semen Category	Men with >18% SDF N (%)	Men with ≤18% SDF N (%)	OR (95%CI)
Abnormal standard semen parameters &	275 (82.34)	159 (46.36)	5.394 (3.7922–7.6720) **

^& At least one abnormal standard semen parameter WHO [29] (details in Subject section). n—number of subjects. ** Statistical significance at p < 0.001; 95% CI—95% confidence interval. SDF—sperm DNA fragmentation.