Table 5.
Residential density: differences in girls.
| Child Factors | Total Sample | Metropolitan | Cities | Rural Areas | Countryside | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall p-Value | n | Mean (SD) | Adj. Age | n | Mean (SD) | Adj. Age | n | Mean (SD) | Adj. Age | n | Mean (SD) | Adj. Age | |
| LM skills (max.46p.) | 0.076 | 94 | 27.46 (8.35) |
28.67 1,4 | 211 | 29.24 (7.39) |
28.62 2 | 98 | 28.74 (7.75) |
28.30 3,4 | 69 | 29.94 (8.07) |
30.82 1,2,3 |
| OC skills (max. 54p.) | 0.054 | 94 | 19.70 (7.84) |
21.05 1,4 | 211 | 22.73 (7.71) |
22.05 2 | 98 | 22.86 (7.25) |
22.36 3,4 | 69 | 24.64 (8.65) |
25.60 1,2,3 |
| TGMD-3 total (max. 100p.) | 0.036 | 94 | 47.16 (14.63) |
49.72 1,4 | 211 | 51.98 (13.65) |
50.67 2 | 98 | 51.60 (13.36) |
50.66 3,4 | 69 | 54.58 (14.87) |
56.42 1,2,3 |
| Time spent outdoors (scale 1–7) | 0.032 | 93 | 4.77 (1.14) |
4.80 1 | 211 | 5.03 (1.23) |
5.02 | 96 | 4.81 (1.15) |
4.80 2 | 69 | 5.30 (1.09) |
5.32 1,2 |
| Participation in organised sports (mins/week) | 0.118 | 88 | 61.08 (67.09) |
65.78 1,2 | 204 | 44.69 (60.61) |
42.67 1 | 89 | 43.16 (48.52) |
41.22 2,3 | 67 | 49.64 (59.94) |
52.18 3 |
Motor competence was measured using the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD)-3. Time spent outdoors and participation in organised sports were asked via parental questionnaire. The time spent outdoors was a sum from the time spent outdoors on weekdays and weekends. The scale for the weekdays ranged from 0 to 3 (0 = not at all, 1 = under 30 min/d, 2 = approximately 30–60 min/d and 3 = over 60 min/d), and the scale for the weekends ranged from 0 to 4 (0 = not at all, 1 = under 30 min/d, 2 = approximately 30–60 min/d, 3 = 1–2 h/d and 4 = over 2 h/d). Values are reported as mean and standard deviation (SD) scores. LM skills= locomotor skills, OC skills= object control skills. * Statistically significant difference between residential density areas (adjusted for age, random effect of childcare centre) at the level of p < 0.05. Statistically significant differences in bold. In LM skills difference between countryside and metropolitan area: 1 p = 0.05 *, countryside and cities: 2 p = 0.025 *, countryside and rural areas: 3 p = 0.015 * and metropolitan area and rural areas: 4 p = 0.025 *. In OC skills difference between countryside and metropolitan area: 1 p = 0.013 *, countryside and cities: 2 p = 0.015 *, countryside and rural areas: 3 p = 0.002 **, and rural areas and metropolitan area: 4 p = 0.015 *. In TGMD-3 total skills difference between countryside and metropolitan area: 1 p = 0.011 *, countryside and cities: 2 p = 0.010 **, countryside and rural areas: 3 p = 0.024 * and rural areas and metropolitan area: 4 p = 0.010 **. Time spent outdoors, difference between countryside and metropolitan: 1 p = 0.011 *, and countryside and rural areas: 2 p = 0.010 **. In participation in organised sports difference between metropolitan and cities: 1 p = 0.030 *, metropolitan area and rural areas: 2 p = 0.032 * and countryside and rural areas: 3 p = 0.030 *.