Table 2. Factors Associated With Opioid High-Risk Countiesa,b.
Factor | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P Value |
---|---|---|
% Male | 0.95 (0.89-1.02) | .15 |
Provider density per 100 000 population | ||
10 Primary care clinicians | 0.89 (0.85-0.93) | <.001 |
10 Mental health clinicians | 1.00 (0.99-1.01) | .78 |
% Unemployed | 1.09 (1.03-1.15) | .001 |
% With no high school education or GED | 0.95 (0.93-0.98) | .003 |
% Age | ||
<25 y | 0.95 (0.92-0.98) | <.001 |
25-64 y | 1.01 (0.96-1.05) | .76 |
>64 y | 1 [Reference] | NA |
% White race | 1.00 (0.99-1.02) | .76 |
Road length, mile2 | 0.96 (0.91-1.01) | .14 |
% Uninsured | 0.99 (0.95-1.04) | .70 |
Opioid prescription rate per 100 population | 1.04 (1.00-1.07) | .02 |
% Democratic vote in 2016 presidential election | 0.24 (0.05-1.05) | .06 |
Urbanicity | ||
Metropolitan | 1 [Reference] | NA |
Micropolitan | 0.67 (0.50-0.90) | .009 |
Rural | 0.85 (0.64-1.14) | .28 |
Regional division | ||
East North Central | 2.21 (1.19-4.12) | .01 |
East South Central | 1.72 (0.83-3.55) | .14 |
Mid-Atlantic | 0.70 (0.25-1.99) | .50 |
Mountain | 4.15 (1.34-12.89) | .01 |
New England | 0.38 (0.07-2.10) | .27 |
Pacific | 0.85 (0.15-4.93) | .86 |
South Atlantic | 2.99 (1.26-7.11) | .01 |
West South Central | 1.27 (0.62-2.59) | .51 |
West North Central | 1 [Reference] | NA |
Abbreviations: GED, General Educational Development; MH, mental health; NA, not applicable; PCP, primary care clinicians.
Opioid high-risk counties are those defined as those with rates below the national rate in public availability of 3 types of medication for opioid use disorder providers combined in late 2017 and above the national opioid overdose death rate from 2015 to 2017.
Models estimated using information from 2675 counties.