Table 1. Sample Sociodemographic Characteristics by WIC Receipt and Birthdate Relative to Implementation of Revised WIC Food Packagea.
| Characteristic | WIC, No. (%) | No WIC, No. (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Born Before Revision (n = 821 878) | Born After Revision (n = 747 167) | Born Before Revision (n = 716 675) | Born After Revision (n = 611 817) | |
| Mother | ||||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White | 92 081 (11.2) | 94 983 (12.7) | 303 368 (42.3) | 264 405 (43.2) |
| Black | 53 654 (6.5) | 51 753 (6.9) | 28 162 (3.9) | 21 396 (3.5) |
| Hispanic | 577 860 (70.3) | 490 965 (65.7) | 195 834 (27.3) | 149 426 (24.4) |
| Asian | 45 315 (5.5) | 45 662 (6.1) | 141 048 (19.7) | 129 011 (21.1) |
| Other | 52 968 (6.4) | 63 804 (8.5) | 48 263 (6.7) | 47 579 (7.8) |
| Amount of education, y | ||||
| <12 | 350 035 (44.0) | 261 292 (36.3) | 51 479 (7.4) | 30 198 (5.2) |
| 12 | 263 671 (33.1) | 245 910 (34.1) | 135 537 (19.6) | 93 264 (15.9) |
| >12 | 182 332 (22.9) | 213 115 (29.6) | 505 145 (73.0) | 463 251 (79.0) |
| Parity status | ||||
| Nulliparous | 303 105 (36.9) | 270 634 (36.2) | 311 340 (43.5) | 270 142 (44.2) |
| Parity 1-2 | 234 149 (28.5) | 214 519 (28.7) | 245 384 (34.3) | 213 938 (35.0) |
| Parity ≥3 | 284 331 (34.6) | 261 861 (35.1) | 159 550 (22.3) | 127 520 (20.9) |
| Age at delivery, mean (SD), y | 26.0 (6.2) | 26.5 (6.2) | 30.4 (5.7) | 30.9 (5.4) |
| Infant | ||||
| Male | 420 471 (51.2) | 381 270 (51.0) | 368 263 (51.4) | 314 794 (51.5) |
| Birth year | ||||
| 2007 | 266 209 (32.4) | 0 | 246 736 (34.4) | 0 |
| 2008 | 270 293 (32.9) | 0 | 233 129 (32.5) | 0 |
| 2009 | 263 982 (32.1) | 0 | 219 774 (30.7) | 0 |
| 2010 | 21 394 (2.6) | 237 462 (31.8) | 17 036 (2.4) | 194 921 (31.9) |
| 2011 | 0 | 255 601 (34.2) | 0 | 207 879 (34.0) |
| 2012 | 0 | 254 104 (34.0) | 0 | 209 017 (34.2) |
Abbreviation: WIC, Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children.
a
N = 2 897 537. Sample includes singleton infants who were live-born in California from 2007 to 2012, with gestational age between 20 and 44 weeks at delivery. Data set was constructed using linked birth certificate, death certificate, and hospital discharge data from the California Office of State Health Planning and Development. For women whose pregnancies included October 2009, we classified them as having been exposed if they gave birth in February 2010 or later (ie, at least half of their pregnancy occurred after the package was revised).