Table 2.
Concentrations of heavy metals in cord blood. P-values, versus controls, from independent samples t-test and Mann-Whitney U-test. Dietary fish intake during pregnancy, dichotomized to either low intake (< 1 per week) or moderate-high intake (≥1 per week). P-values from independent samples t-test
| Fish consumption | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls | JIA | p | ANA+ | p | < 1 per week | ≥ 1 per week | p | |
| (n = 40) | (n = 42) | (n = 11) | (n = 49) | (n = 30) | ||||
| Aluminium, Al (μg/L) | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 6.1 (4.8) | 11.2 (9.7) | < 0.001 | 15.4 (12.9) | < 0.001 | 8.1 (7.3) | 10.1 (9.6) | 0.261 |
| Median (Range) | 5.0 (5.0–34.0) | 7.0 (5.0–47.2) | 12.1 (5.0–47.2) | 6.0 (5.0–41.4) | 7.0 (5.0–47.2) | |||
| Cadmium, Cd (μg/L) | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 0.07 (0.08) | 0.19 (0.50) | < 0.001 | 0.18 (0.30) | < 0.001 | 0.11 (0.19) | 0.16 (0.45) | 0.003 |
| Median (Range) | 0.05 (0.05–0.47) | 0.07 (0.05–3.12) | 0.08 (0.05–1.08) | 0.07 (0.05–1.08) | 0.07 (0.05–3.12) | |||
| Mercury, Hg (μg/L) | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 0.24 (0.08) | 0.33 (0.14) | < 0.001 | 0.33 (0.17) | 0.067 | 0.28 (0.13) | 0.31 (0.11) | 0.011 |
| Median (Range) | 0.20 (0.20–0.53) | 0.30 (0.20–1.01) | 0.29 (0.20–0.65) | 0.21 (0.20–1.01) | 0.30 (0.20–0.65) | |||
| Lithium, Li (μg/L) | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 1.01 (0.04) | 2.79 (6.03) | < 0.001 | 6.21 (11.41) | < 0.001 | 1.31 (0.70) | 3.01 (7.14) | 0.015 |
| Median (Range) | 1.00 (1.00–1.22) | 1.00 (1.00–39.40) | 2.08 (1.00–39.40) | 1.00 (1.00–4.14) | 1.00 (1.00–39.40) | |||
| Lead, Pb (μg/L) | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 0.64 (0.50) | 0.52 (0.06) | 0.902 | 0.53 (0.08) | 0.952 | 0.58 (0.44) | 0.56 (0.18) | 0.790 |
| Median (Range) | 0.5 (0.5–3.5) | 0.5 (0.5–0.8) | 0.5 (0.5–0.8) | 0.5 (0.5–3.5) | 0.5 (0.5–1.3) | |||
| Zinc, Zn (μg/L) | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 1070 (521) | 1039 (256) | 0.412 | 1184 (375) | 0.216 | 1061 (418) | 1062 (404) | 0.998 |
| Median (Range) | 966 (683–3600) | 984 (665–1780) | 1030 (707–1780) | 996 (683–3600) | 960 (665–1062) | |||
| Copper, Cu (μg/L) | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 417 (106) | 509 (281) | 0.516 | 490 (171) | 0.291 | 473 (239) | 512 (286) | 0.997 |
| Median (Range) | 408 (257–579) | 432 (233–1540) | 425 (291–866) | 424 (233–1460) | 489 (259–1540) | |||
| Arsenic, As (μg/L) | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 1.09 (0.27) | 2.04 (1.96) | 0.053 | 1.45 (0.95) | 0.112 | 1.88 (1.77) | 1.86 (1.90) | 0.957 |
| Median (Range) | 1.0 (1.0–1.9) | 1.0 (1.0–9.3) | 1.0 (1.0–4.2) | 1.0 (1.0–9.3) | 1.0 (1.0–7.9) | |||
| Magnesium, Mg (mg/L) | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 16.6 (1.9) | 16.9 (2.6) | 0.780 | 17.0 (4.0) | 0.944 | 16.6 (1.9) | 17.4 (2.7) | 0.223 |
| Median (Range) | 16.7 (12.7–19.4) | 16.8 (10.5–26.4) | 16.7 (10.5–26.4) | 16.7 (12.3–19.8) | 17.3 (12.6–26.4) | |||
| Iron, Fe (mg/L) | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 2.97 (1.70) | 2.44 (1.58) | 0.450 | 2.65 (2.76) | 0.275 | 2.67 (1.30) | 2.43 (1.94) | 0.598 |
| Median (Range) | 2.2 (1.6–6.7) | 2.1 (0.0–10.4) | 1.8 (0.0–10.4) | 2.2 (1.2–6.7) | 2.0 (0–10.4) | |||
Statistically significant p-values in bold