Fig. 1.

Intravenous CVA21 induces a type I IFN response and activates immune effector cells in vivo. a. As part of the STORM clinical trial, patients (n = 5) with advanced malignancies were administered with 1 × 10⁸ (red symbols) or 1 × 10⁹ TCID₅₀ (black symbols) clinical grade CVA21 i.v. b. CVA21 was infused on day 1, 3 and 5 and blood samples were taken pre-infusion (a), 1 h (b), 3 days (c) and 22 days (d) after the first infusion. c. cDNA was made from PBMC collected pre-infusion (a) and on day 3 (c) and the expression of IFIT1, IFI44L and OAS1 was measured by qPCR. Results were normalized to 18S RNA expression and the fold increase in expression (calculated as ΔΔCt) compared to pre-infusion is presented. d-f CD69 expression on NK cells (d), CD4⁺ T cells (e) and CD8⁺ T cells (f) was analyzed at each time point. *denotes statistical significance