Table 1.
Demographical, social, anthropological, and neurological parameters of the enrolled patients.
| Characteristics | Group | Comparisons between groups | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Test | Control | |||
| Patients included in the study (sample size) | 499 | 499 | p-Value | |
| Age (years) | Minimum | 50 | 49 | 0.193 |
| Maximum | 77 | 81 | ||
| Mean ±SD | 63.52±6.72 | 64.15±8.45 | ||
| Gender | Male | 174 (35) | 145 (29) | 0.057 |
| Female | 325 (65) | 354 (71) | ||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.45±5.11 | 27.01±5.21 | 0.178 | |
| Smoking | Smoker | 14 (3) | 21 (4) | 0.461 |
| Previous smoker | 41 (8) | 38 (8) | ||
| Non-smoker | 444 (89) | 440 (88) | ||
| Diabetes# | 45 (9) | 41 (8) | 0.735 | |
| Hypertension## | 15 (3) | 16 (3) | 0.855 | |
| Education | Under graduate | 241 (48) | 276 (55) | 0.085 |
| Graduate | 127 (25) | 111 (22) | ||
| Postgraduate | 131 (27) | 112 (23) | ||
| Residence | Rural | 125 (25) | 131 (26) | 0.717 |
| Urban | 374 (75) | 368 (74) | ||
| Mini-mental state examinations score### | 27.49±1.41 | 27.68±1.89 | 0.072 | |
| Auditory-verbal learning test score@ | 17.01±4.12 | 17.59±5.21 | 0.051 | |
| Trail making test (sec)@@ | Part A | 52.45±8.45 | 51.52±7.51 | 0.066 |
| Part B | 111.12±13.12 | 109.59±12.01 | 0.055 | |
| Stroop color and word test (sec)@@ | Congruous | 31.15±4.12 | 30.79±5.01 | 0.215 |
| Incongruous | 51.12±5.02 | 50.51±4.91 | 0.053 | |
| Digit symbol substitution test@@@ | 97.13±6.15 | 97.95±7.21 | 0.054 | |
| Verbal fluency test& | 15.17±5.15 | 15.82±5.89 | 0.064 | |
| Preexisting neurocognitive impairments&& | 55 (11)* | 25 (5) | 0.0007 | |
Random blood glucose >140 mg/dL;
Blood pressure >90/130 mmHg;
The maximum score was 30 points;
As per RAVLT Adult Calculator;
The time required to complete the task;
The score range: 0–133;
The numbers of animals listed within 1 min;
Defined as a significant worst condition in at least 2 parameters out of all parameters.
Categorial variables were represented as a number (percentage), continuous variables were represented as mean ±SD. Data of test group recorded 1 week before surgeries. The chi-square Independence test for categorical variables and two-tailed paired t test for continuous variables were used for statistical analysis. A p<0.05 was considered significant. All patients are of PR Chinese origin.
Significantly higher than the control group.