Table 4.
Body composition, handgrip strength, and nutrient intakes of study participants according to sex
| Variable | Men | Women | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Body composition measurement by BIA | |||
| Lean body mass (kg) | 53.5±6.8 | 36.5±3.9 | <0.001 |
| Appendicular muscle mass (kg) | 32.0±4.5 | 20.9±2.5 | <0.001 |
| Whole body fat mass (kg) | 17.6±6.3 | 16.9±5.6 | 0.028 |
| Whole body fat percent (%) | 23.2±5.8 | 29.5±5.5 | <0.001 |
| Abdominal visceral fat area (cm2) | 99.9±42.0 | 58.9±40.2 | <0.001 |
| Abdominal visceral fat area ≥100 cm2 (%) | 47.0 | 16.0 | <0.001 |
| Fat ≥25% (men), ≥30% (women) (%) | 35.9 | 45.8 | 0.005 |
|
| |||
| Handgrip strength | |||
| Dominant hand (kg) | 41.2±7.9 | 24.1±4.9 | <0.001 |
| Non-dominant hand (kg) | 38.3±7.6 | 22.6±4.6 | <0.001 |
| <40 kg (men), <25 kg (women) (%) | 42.1 | 56.9 | <0.001 |
|
| |||
| Nutritional intake* | |||
| Energy (kcal/day) | 2,004.4±499.5 | 1,525.0±394.5 | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate (g/day) | 270.5±73.4 | 208.2±62.3 | <0.001 |
| Protein (g/day) | 83.9±25.0 | 63.3±20.6 | <0.001 |
| Fat (g/day) | 60.4±20.5 | 48.2±16.3 | <0.001 |
| Fiber (g/day) | 5.5±2.6 | 4.5±2.4 | 0.001 |
|
| |||
| Proportion of total energy intake (%) | |||
| Carbohydrate intake | 55.1±7.9 | 54.8±8.4 | 0.746 |
| Protein intake | 17.1±3.3 | 16.6±2.9 | 0.115 |
| Fat intake | 27.7±6.3 | 28.6±7.1 | 0.282 |
|
| |||
| Other nutrients | |||
| Calcium (mg/day) | 397.3±233.4 | 375.3±209.5 | 0.385 |
| Sodium (mg/day) | 4,454.1±2,000.6 | 3,411.2±1,838.0 | <0.001 |
| Potassium (mg/day) | 2,697.4±936.5 | 2,204.6±1,074.1 | <0.001 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation unless otherwise indicated.
*
Nutrient intakes were assessed in 401 participants.
BIA, bioelectrical impedance analysis.