Figure 1. Flagella regulatory mutants demonstrated deficiencies in swarming (A) and swimming (B, C) motility, biofilm formation (D) and cytotoxicity (E). Data shown is with strains PA14 and PAO1. Swarming was performed on BM2-glucose containing casamino acids and 0.5% agar; as the two strains exhibit different swarming behaviours the data is shown as a representative photo for PA14 (dendritic movement) and a bar graph for PAO1 (circular movement). Swimming was measured as the ability of bacteria to move through LB-containing 0.25% agar. A non-flagellated fliC mutant was used as a control (B). A fleQ mutant demonstrated aberrant swimming motility (C). Intriguingly, mutations in fleR and fleS had a more pronounced effect on swarming (panels A and B) and cytotoxicity (panel E) in PA14 than in PAO1. Student's t-test, ***p < 0.001.