TABLE 1.

Examples of DfE principles relevant for sustainable manufacturing. The heading for each column is the category for the DfE principles therein.

Design for cleaner production [13]	Minimize scraps and discards [22]
Minimize material variety	Select processes that reduce scraps and discarded materials during production
Avoid waste material	Engage simulation systems to optimize transformation processes
Select low impact materials and processes	Use as much recyclable material in the process as possible
	Optimize the reuse of scraps and discards during manufacturing