Figure 2.

Self-report ratings (mean ± SEM) in the placebo (n = 20) and control group (n = 18), for pain and no pain conditions and the different types of ratings (self pain, other pain, unpleasantness in response to other's pain). *p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01 (significant planned comparisons, independent-samples t tests, of the main hypothesis that placebo analgesia reduced both self-experienced pain and empathy for pain). ⁺p < 0.05 (significant post hoc comparison for pain ratings to nonpainful stimulation).