Table 1.

Summary of pheromonal components used in this study

Pheromone type	Compound	Abbreviation	Vapor pressure (mmHg)
Queen mandibular compounds (QM)	Homovanillyl alcohol	HVA	2.04 × 10−5
	Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate	HOB	2.37 × 10−4
	9-Oxo-(E)-2-decenoic acid	9-ODA	1.77 × 10−6
	9-Hydroxy-(E)-2-decenoic acid	9-HDA	2.87 × 10−6
	10-Hydroxy-(E)-2-decenoic acid	10-HDA	6.28 × 10−6
Queen nonmandibular compounds (QnM)	Coniferyl alcohol	—	8.80 × 10−6
	1-Hexadecanol	1–16ol	6.00 × 10−6
	Linolenic acid	—	5.40 × 10−7
Brood compounds (brood)	Methyl linoleate	—	3.67 × 10−6
	Methyl linolenate	m. linolenate	5.07 × 10−6
	Ethyl oleate	—	6.07 × 10−5
	Methyl oleate	—	6.29 × 10−6
	Ethyl palmitate	—	2.34 × 10−5
	Methyl palmitate	—	4.70 × 10−5
Alarm compounds (alarm)	Isopentyl acetate	IPA	5.60
	2-Heptanone	2–7one	3.86
	1-Butanol	1–4ol	6.70
	1-Hexanol	1–6ol	0.93
	1-Octanol	1–8ol	7.94 × 10−2
	2-Nonanol	2–9ol	6.76 × 10−2
	Octyl acetate	—	0.22
	Benzyl acetate	—	0.17
	Hexyl acetate	—	1.32
Aggregation compounds (aggregation)	Geranic acid	—	3.27 × 10−3
	Farnesol	—	2.52 × 10−4
	Citral	—	9.13 × 10−2
	Geraniol	—	3.00 × 10−2