LPS induces a localized inflammatory reaction. A, Schematic representation of the experimental design. Proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression was measured by Bioplex in insular cortices or blood samples, 30 min (saline: n = 5; LPS: n = 7), 1 h (saline: n = 5; LPS: n = 6), or 1h30 (saline: n = 5; LPS: n = 7) after saline or LPS infusion. B–D, Tissue concentrations (relative fold change) of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β (B), TNF-α (C), and IL-10 (D). E, Tissue concentrations of ATP (in μm). F–H, Blood concentrations (relative fold change) of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β (F), TNF-α (G), and IL-10 (H). I, Effect of intrainsular infusion of either vehicle (n = 8) or LPS (n = 8) on body weight 2 d before and 2 d after conditioned taste aversion acquisition. J, Effect of intrainsular infusion of either vehicle (n = 12) or LPS (n = 13) on corticosterone concentration in plasma 2h15 after LPS infusion. *p < 0.05. ***p < 0.001.