TGF-β1 regulates the RhoA signaling pathway. Cells were incubated with TGF-β1 for various durations (0, 0.5, 1 and 3 h). Detection of GTP-RhoA was performed via GST pull-down assays. (A) Total protein levels of RhoA were detected by western blotting and (B) quantified (mean ± SEM, n=3, *P<0.05, one-way ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc test). (C) Phosphorylation of cofilin was assessed in TGF-β1-stimulated HSC-T6 cells and (D) quantified (mean ± SEM, n=3, *P<0.05, one-way ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc test). (E) Immunocytochemical staining for F-actin formation in HSC-T6 cells using Alexa Fluor 488-phal-loidin (green). DAPI (blue) was used to counterstain the nuclei. All images are representative of multiple images from three independent experiments (scale bar=20 µm). TGF-β1, transforming growth factor-β1; p-, phosphorylated; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; CON, control.