Pourarian 2005.

Methods	Randomised controlled trial in Iran.
Participants	Inclusion criteria: neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) ward irrespective of gestational age. Exclusion criteria: renal failure (serum creatinine > 1.5 mg/dl), nasal or pharyngeal bleeding or bleeding tendency, abnormal PT, PTT, platelet count, abnormal liver function test or received oral feeding.
Interventions	Intervention (n = 40): prophylactic intravenous ranitidine 5 mg/kg/day (3 divided doses) for 4 days irrespective of gastric pH. Control group (n = 40): received no prophylactic treatment.
Outcomes	Gastric pH was measured on admission, 1 hour, 2 or 3 days; clinical complications such as the amount of GI bleeding, the number of blood transfusions and surfactant therapy.
Notes	Gastric bleeding rates calculated from percentages reported in publication. Authors did not believe there were any adverse reactions attributable to the intervention.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Method not reported.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Insufficient information given.
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not reported. No placebo reported.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not reported.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Percentages reported so denominator unclear.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	No protocol available.
Other bias	Unclear risk	Some baseline differences in clinical conditions between groups.