Figure 4. Fly host gene expression affected by VenY.

Shown are a subset of significantly differentially expressed host S. bullata genes 72 hours after envenomation by N. vitripennis with VenY knocked down via RNAi (striped bars), compared to expression 72 h after envenomation with the complete venom repertoire with LacZ RNAi control venom (solid black bars), and to normally developing unenvenomated hosts at the same age (solid grey bars). The normally developing unenvenomated host data are from (Martinson et al. 2014). Expression is measured in Fragments Per Kilobase of transcript per Million mapped reads (FPKM). The genes are divided into the broad categories of a) detoxification genes, b) immunity genes, c) fat body specific genes, and d) neural genes. Raw values and standard errors can be found in Supplemental Table 1.