TABLE 1:
Participant Demographic Information
| Characteristic | DR | TR | AR | F/_χ2 | direction |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 25 | 25 | 25 | ||
| Age in years at TP1 | M = 6.75 SD = 0.54 |
M = 6.75 SD = 0.45 |
M = 6.98 SD = 0.44 |
F(2,72) = 2.032 ns |
|
| Age in years at TP3 | M = 8.79 SD = 0.53 |
M = 8.78 SD = 0.45 |
M = 9.03 SD = 0.46 |
F(2,72) = 2.192 ns |
|
| Sex | B = 14 G = 11 |
B = 9 G = 16 |
B = 9 G = 16 |
χ2= 2.725 ns |
|
| School grade at TP1 | K = 12 E = 13 |
K = 8 E = 17 |
K = 5 E = 20 |
χ2= 4.440 ns |
|
| FHD status | FHD+ = 19 FHD− = 6 |
FHD+ = 13 FHD− = 12 |
FHD+ = 14 FHD− = 11 |
χ2= 3.486 ns |
|
| ARHQ mother | M = 35.84 SD = 17.74 |
M = 29.60 SD = 15.51 |
M = 33.40 SD = 14.30 |
F(2,72) = 0.969 ns |
|
| ARHQ father | M = 42.05 SD = 14.71 |
M= 36.23 SD = 17.42 |
M = 32.83 SD = 17.01 |
F(2,63) = 2.079 ns |
|
| SES | M = 40.37 SD = 13.31 |
M = 45.71 SD = 11.63 |
M = 51.79 SD = 8.78 |
F(2,72) = 6.286 § |
AR>DR§ |
| Raven IQ (sten score) | M = 6.84 SD = 1.52 |
M = 7.08 SD =1.26 |
M = 8.44 SD = 0.96 |
F = 11.617 *** |
AR> DR *** AR>TR§ |
Note: Demographic information of DR, TR and AR are reported, with M and SD. Statistical tests used to compare the groups are ANOVA and Chi2. ANOVA = analysis of variance; AR = advanced readers; ARHQ = adult reading history questionnaire; B = boys; Chi2 = chi-squared test; χ2 = chi-squared test score; DR = readers with dyslexia; E = first grade of elementary school; F = f-test statistics; FHD = familial history of dyslexia; G = girls; IQ = intelligence quotient; K = kindergarten; M = group mean; n = number of individuals in the subsample; ns = non significant; SD = standard deviation; SES = socioeconomic status; sten = sten scores; TP1 = time point 1; TP2 = time point 2; TR = typical readers.
p < .001;
p < .005.