Table 2:
Brain Activation for Effects of Group, Time Point, and Their Interaction
| Brain region | H | x | y | z | t | V | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PRINT > REST | |||||||
| Group effects | |||||||
| TR TP3 > DR TP3 | Inferior Frontal (tri, oper), Precentral | L | −34 | 10 | 32 | 4.13 | 472 |
| Fusiform | L | −42 | −62 | −12 | 3.85 | 52 | |
| Inferior Frontal (oper), Precentral | R | 40 | 2 | 26 | 3.29 | 97 | |
| Inferior and Middle Frontal | R | 48 | 28 | 22 | 3.21 | 152 | |
| DR TP3 > TR TP3 | Precentral | L | −46 | −12 | 50 | 3.97 | 63 |
| AR TP1 > TR TP1 | Supplementary Motor Area | L | −6 | 6 | 56 | 3.80 | 109 |
| Inferior Frontal (oper, tri), Precentral | L | −36 | 8 | 22 | 3.49 | 121 | |
| Inferior frontal (oper), Middle frontal | R | 44 | 20 | 36 | 3.33 | 64 | |
| Precentral | L | −48 | 0 | 56 | 3.24 | 133 | |
| AR TP3 > TR TP3 | Inferior Frontal (tri, orb) | L | −46 | 30 | −4 | 4.17 | 459 |
| Inferior Occipital, Lingual, Cerebellum (crus 1), Fusiform | L | −38 | −80 | −18 | 3.74 | 407 | |
| Middle Temporal | L | −50 | −38 | 4 | 3.59 | 51 | |
| Middle Frontal | L | −30 | 58 | 22 | 3.58 | 68 | |
| Lingual, Inferior Occipital | R | 26 | −88 | −8 | 3.56 | 108 | |
| AR TP1 > DR TP3 | Inferior Occipital, Fusiform | L | −40 | −64 | −12 | 4.88 | 147 |
| Inferior Temporal | L | −36 | −38 | −12 | 3.96 | 50 | |
| Inferior Occipital | L | −30 | −86 | −8 | 3.48 | 70 | |
| Inferior Frontal (oper, tri), Middle Frontal | L | −30 | 10 | 30 | 3.37 | 144 | |
| Time effects | |||||||
| DR TP3 > TP1 | Inferior and Middle Occipital | R | 38 | −96 | −4 | 4.62 | 96 |
| Precentral | L | −56 | 2 | 40 | 3.80 | 116 | |
| TR TP3 >TP1 | Precentral | L | −56 | 4 | 46 | 6.99 | 254 |
| Inferior Frontal (oper), Precentral, Middle Frontal | R | 42 | 2 | 26 | 4.52 | 322 | |
| Inferior Temporal, Fusiform | L | −44 | −50 | −20 | 4.39 | 137 | |
| Superior Parietal Lobule | L | −30 | −74 | 56 | 4.17 | 100 | |
| Supplementary Motor Area | L | −4 | 6 | 58 | 4.12 | 166 | |
| Superior Parietal Lobule, Angular, Inferior Parietal | R | 40 | −60 | 62 | 4.08 | 268 | |
| Inferior Frontal (oper, tri), Precentral | L | −34 | 6 | 26 | 3.97 | 362 | |
| TP x group interaction | |||||||
| TR and | Inferior Frontal (oper) | L | −44 | 8 | 22 | 12.11 | 126 |
| DR | |||||||
| TP1 and | |||||||
| TP3 | |||||||
| SYMBOLS > REST | |||||||
| Group effects | |||||||
| TR TP3 > DR TP3 | Inferior Occipital Gyrus, Fusiform Gyrus, Inferior Temporal Gyrus | L | −42 | −64 | −12 | 3.93 | 82 |
| AR TP1 > DR TP3 | Inferior Occipital Gyrus, Fusiform Gyrus, Middle Occipital Gyrus | L | −42 | −64 | −14 | 4.41 | 311 |
| DR TP3 > AR TP1 | Middle Occipital Gyrus | L | −48 | −84 | 12 | 3.83 | 72 |
| Insula, Inferior Frontal Gyrus (orb, tri) | L | −36 | 6 | 0 | 3.63 | 156 | |
| AR TP3 > TR TP3 | Parahippocampal Gyrus, Fusiform Gyrus, Hippocampus | L | −28 | −10 | −28 | 4.39 | 108 |
| Lingual Gyrus, Fusiform Gyrus, Cerebellum (crus I) | L | −36 | −82 | −18 | 3.55 | 146 | |
| Middle Orbital Frontal | L | −38 | 54 | −8 | 3.33 | 53 | |
| Middle Occipital, Calcarine | R | 32 | −98 | 2 | 3.55 | 73 | |
| Time effects | |||||||
| TR TP3 > TP1 | Superior and Inferior Parietal Lobule | L | −32 | −74 | 54 | 5.78 | 91 |
| Angular | R | 34 | −60 | 28 | 4.35 | 95 | |
| PRINT > SYMBOLS | |||||||
| Group effects | |||||||
| TR TP3 > DR TP3 | Inferior Frontal (oper), Precentral, Middle Frontal | L | −28 | 8 | 30 | 4.36 | 230 |
| Inferior Frontal (tri) | R | 36 | 26 | 22 | 3.74 | 106 | |
| AR TP1 > TR TP1 | Precentral, Inferior Frontal (oper, tri) | L | −50 | 6 | 42 | 5.57 | 117 2 |
| Middle and Superior Temporal, Supramarginal | L | −58 | −44 | 10 | 4.22 | 382 | |
| Supplementary Motor Area | L&R | −8 | 8 | 54 | 4.21 | 306 | |
| Superior Temporal | R | 60 | −38 | 14 | 4.19 | 209 | |
| Middle and Superior Occipital, Superior Parietal | L | −26 | −64 | 36 | 3.66 | 202 | |
| Inferior Frontal (tri, oper) | R | 40 | 16 | 26 | 3.05 | 87 | |
| AR TP1 > DR TP3 | Inferior Frontal (tri, oper), Precentral, Middle Frontal | L | −28 | 6 | 30 | 5.55 | 505 |
| Fusiform, Inferior Temporal | L | −34 | −34 | −16 | 5.36 | 111 | |
| Middle and Superior Temporal | R | 60 | −8 | −12 | 4.92 | 67 | |
| Middle and Superior Temporal | R | 50 | −26 | 2 | 4.53 | 365 | |
| Inferior Frontal (tri, oper), Middle Frontal | R | 40 | 24 | 30 | 4.36 | 489 | |
| Medial Superior Frontal | R | 10 | 70 | 12 | 4.14 | 79 | |
| Precuneus | R | 6 | −50 | 60 | 3.30 | 53 | |
| Time effects | |||||||
| DR TP3 > TP1 | Precentral, Postcentral | L | −42 | −8 | 50 | 5.39 | 595 |
| Calcarine (L&R), Cuneus (L) | L&R | −8 | −88 | 36 | 3.81 | 377 | |
| TR TP3 > TP1 | Inferior Frontal (tri) | L | −52 | 10 | 28 | 4.60 | 57 |
| Supplemenary Motor Area | L | −8 | 12 | 54 | 3.42 | 57 | |
Note: Results of word (print > rest), symbol (symbol > rest) and word-specific (print > symbols) contrasts are reported, including hemisphere, MNI coordinates, t-statistic and the number of voxels. Direct comparisons are shown for DR, TR and AR at TP1, TP3 and across time points (group effects). Time-related changes are shown in DR and TR (time effects). Results are reported at a significance level of p < .005 uncorrected, and an extent threshold of 50 voxels. AR = advanced readers; DR = readers with dyslexia; H = hemisphere; L = left hemisphere; MNI coordinates = Montreal Neurological Institute coordinates, x, y, z; orb = pars orbitalis; oper = pars opercularis; R = right hemisphere; t = t-test statistic; TP1 = time point 1; TP3 = time point 3; TR = typical readers; tri = pars triangularis; V = number of voxels.