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. 2019 Jul 2;9:9520. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45963-w

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Single sections imaged via electron microscopy (EM). In both groups, periodontal ligament cells were spindle-shaped and parallelly oriented to the collagen bundle. Cellular processes were observed among the PDL fibres. Cells interacted with adjacent cells (white circle). The area of cellular interaction, which was in contact with other surrounding cells, was narrow. (a-1~3) Collagen bundles tended to be dense in each area of the control group. (b-1~3) Collagen bundles were disorganised in each area of the experimental group. In the area displaying horizontal fibres in the experimental group, osteoblast-like cells were observed on the surface of the alveolar bone (arrows). ab, alveolar bone; PDL, periodontal ligament; c, cementum. Scale bars: 10 μm for all panels.