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. 2019 Jul 2;9:9550. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-44844-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Mean values of differences in energy expenditure (EE; panel A), pulmonary ventilation ( ${\dot{V}}_{E}$ ; panel B), and heart rate (HR; panel C) between normoxia and hypoxia at rest and each walking speed between men and women. Changes in ΔEE versus in Δ ${\dot{V}}_{E}$ (panel D), and changes in ΔEE versus in ΔHR (panel E), and changes in ΔHR and Δ ${\dot{V}}_{E}$ (panel F) between men and women. Ordinary least squares linear regression equation, with an intercept = 0 are shown for between ΔEE and Δ ${\dot{V}}_{E}$ . Second- order polynomial regression equation, with an intercept = 0 are shown for between ΔEE and ΔHR, and between Δ ${\dot{V}}_{E}$ and ΔHR. Each symbol are the same as in Fig. 1. Solid lines indicate for men and dashed lines indicate for women. The number of 0.0 on the X axis indicate at rest.