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. 2019 Jul 2;9:9550. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-44844-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Observed ΔEE plotted against that predicted ΔEE from the least squares regression with ${\dot{V}}_{E}$ and HR: ΔEE = 0.564Δ ${\dot{V}}_{E}$ + 0.222ΔHR for men and ΔEE = 0.613Δ ${\dot{V}}_{E}$ + 0.190ΔHR for women; see text (panel A). Line indicates y = x. Each symbol and line are the same as in Fig. 2. Contributions of ${\dot{V}}_{E}$ (gray segments) and HR (white segments) to cardiopulmonary energy expenditure at rest and each walking speed under normoxia and hypoxia conditions between men (panel B) and women (panel C).